Chengji identified Caoyena as a Sogdian from the Principality of Ushrusana 曹國 (昭武九姓) as indicated by the surname Cao which was adopted by Sogdians from Ushrusana...

following text: 石定信右全石丑子石定奴福延福全保昌張丑子李千子李定信), the names of the Nine Zhaowu Clans (昭武九姓), the prominent ethnic Sogdian families of China, have been deduced. Of these...

ㄧㄝˋ）) (?–?) Nine Clans of Zhaowu (昭武九姓（ㄓㄠ ㄨˇ ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ）) (?–?) Kang (康（ㄎㄤ）) (?–?) – Ruled by the House of Zhaowu (昭武) of Sogdian descent Shi (史（ㄕˇ）) (...