A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for inferring theorems from axioms by a set of inference rules...

logic and the foundations of mathematics, formal languages are used to represent the syntax of axiomatic systems, and mathematical formalism is the philosophy...

calculus Formal methods, mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems Formal specification...

This is a list of formal systems, also known as logical calculi. Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators Matrix calculus...

formal methods are mathematically rigorous techniques for the specification, development, analysis, and verification of software and hardware systems...

Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics...

using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification is a key incentive for formal specification of systems, and is at the core of formal methods...

related theorems on the limitations of formal systems. They were followed by Tarski's undefinability theorem on the formal undefinability of truth, Church's...

language while formal logic uses formal language. When used as a countable noun, the term "a logic" refers to a logical formal system that articulates...

assumptions is empty, then the last sentence in a formal proof is called a theorem of the formal system. The notion of theorem is generally effective, but...