Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines...

mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering...

The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize...

thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. Almost all systems found...

of internal chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as transfers of matter into or out of the system. For such considerations, thermodynamics also defines...

The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement...

different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate. Chemical kinetics...

The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics, where it was first recognized, to the microscopic description of nature...

(IUPAC Green Book) See Sec. 2.11 Chemical Thermodynamics, p. 56. Planck, Max; Ogg, Alexander (1903). Treatise on thermodynamics. University of California Libraries...

The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Owing...