The pro-French opposition party under the leadership of John III Sobieski and Mikołaj Prażmowski attempted to convince her to divorce, but she refused...

physician (d. 1588) February 4 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1565) February 14 – Frederick III, Elector Palatine, ruler from the...

create an anti-Polish alliance with the Tsardom of Russia. In early 1553, Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł traveled to the court of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman...

1576, he was later tried and burned to death by the Inquisition in 1600 Mikołaj Sapieha in approximately 1625 by Pope Urban VIII; punishment for stealing...

Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, Imperial Elector (d. 1571) February 4 – Mikołaj Rej, Polish poet and prose writer, politician and musician of the Renaissance...

and the Hetman of Lithuania, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. The rebels, led by Mikołaj Zebrzydowski and Janusz Radziwiłł, are forced to retreat. July 10 – Ottoman...

Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince (d. 1561) August 25 – Ippolito II d'Este, Italian cardinal and statesman (d. 1572) October 20 – Arthur Stewart, Duke...

and the Hetman of Lithuania, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. The rebels, led by Mikołaj Zebrzydowski and Janusz Radziwiłł, are forced to retreat. July 10 – Ottoman...

and courtesan (died 1591) Takeda Katsuyori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1582) Mikołaj VII Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1565) probable – Lodewijk Elzevir, Dutch...

of Saxony) to officially adopt Protestantism. November 29 – Astronomer Mikołaj Kopernik of Poland is granted benefits by Pope Julius II in order to perform...