The avian immune system is the system of biological structures and cellular processes that protects birds from disease. The avian immune system resembles...

Avian coronavirus is a species of virus from the genus Gammacoronavirus that infects birds; since 2018, all gammacoronaviruses which infect birds have...

Respiratory system and respiratory organs in birds Bird skulls and skeletons The avian respiratory system Histology of the avian respiratory system...

the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulating red blood cells in birds retain their nucleus. The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered...

lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists...

immune responses associated with disease. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system...

Milk immunity is the protection provided to immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in milk, typically provided by the infant's...

Avian influenza, also known as avian flu or bird flu, is a disease caused by the influenza A virus, which primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect...

Sturkie's Avian Physiology. San Diego, California: Academic Press. pp. 233–241. ISBN 978-0-12-747605-6. Ritchson, G. "BIO 554/754 – Ornithology: Avian respiration"...

on the surface of the virion. Both proteins are antigenic; a host's immune system can react to them and produce antibodies in response. The M2 protein...