Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order...

relying on any trusted third party, is called the coin flipping problem in cryptography. Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum mechanics to encrypt...

Consider a coin-flipping game with two players where each player has a 50% chance of winning with each flip of the coin. After each flip of the coin the loser...

relativistic protocols for coin flipping and bit-commitment have been shown by Kent. Unlike quantum key distribution, quantum coin flipping is a protocol that...

opposite of the critical region specified by the test. For example, if flipping a coin, testing whether it is biased towards heads is a one-tailed test, and...

independent. Prosaically, a Bernoulli process is a repeated coin flipping, possibly with an unfair coin (but with consistent unfairness). Every variable Xi in...

to affect only one flip in a lifetime of flipping; also it is always possible for an unfair (or "biased") coin to happen to turn up exactly 10 heads in...

include: Flipping a coin. In this context, obverse ("heads") conventionally denotes success and reverse ("tails") denotes failure. A fair coin has the...

often made by referring to an ideal coin. John Edmund Kerrich performed experiments in coin flipping and found that a coin made from a wooden disk about the...

applications in a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation. A way to visualize a...