mathematics. Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was Kitab surat al-ard ("The Image...

Surat Al-Ard, also known as Al-Masalek wa Al-Mamalek, is a book on geography and travel written by the merchant traveler Abul Qasim Muhammad Ibn Hawqal...

travelled from AD 943 to 969. His famous work, written in 977, is called Surat Al-Ard (صورة الارض; "The face of the Earth"). The date of his death, known from...

Persian gazetteers and new principles. Its translation – Kitab Surat al-Ard – into Arabic by Al-Khwarismi in the 9th century was highly influential on the...

tradition of mapping appears in related works including Ibn Hawqal's Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ (صورة الارض; "The face of the Earth"). Book of Roads and Kingdoms, written...

his book Kitab al-Surat al-Ard. Istakhri's two surviving works are: Masālik al-Mamālik (مسالك الممالك, Routes of the Realms), or Kitab al-masalik wa-l-mamalik...

writer Ibn Hawqal, in his Ṣūrat al-Arḍ, refers to "the language of the people of Azerbaijan and most of the people of Armenia" as al-fāresīya. Yarshater, E...

compete with scholars from other cities. Ibn Hawqal reprots in his book Surat Al-Ard that he saw two porters in the city who were carrying heavy loads on...

Chareyron 2005, 174. See Sacy 1801, 449. Kitab Surat al-ard; trans. Kramers and Wiet 1964, 150; quoted in al-Maqrizi's (d. 1442) influential Hitat 1.40;...

(died after 978): Kitāb Sūrat al-ard ("Book of the Face of the Earth") Al-Maqdisi (c. 945/946–991): Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fi maʾarfat al-aqalīm ("The Finest Divisions...