Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, referring to less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere...

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as mg/kg, or...

Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of...

which describes the large scale motions of Earth's crust (lithosphere). Fault (geology), fracture in Earth's crust where one side moves with respect to the...

Measurements of the force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass. Astronomers can also calculate Earth's mass by observing the motion of...

for less than 1% of Earth's volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere, a division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part...

area and about 70% of the volume of Earth's crust are continental crust. Because the surface of continental crust mainly lies above sea level, its existence...

Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a mass of 4.01×1024 kg (8.84×1024 lb) and makes up 67% of the mass...

thousands of years or more. The crust and upper mantle are distinguished on the basis of chemistry and mineralogy. Earth's lithosphere, which constitutes...

decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial heat left over from the formation of Earth. Earth's internal heat travels along geothermal...