Optimates (/ˌɒptɪˈmeɪtiːz/, /ˈɒptɪmeɪts/; Latin for "best ones"; sg. optimas) and populares (/ˌpɒpjʊˈlɛəriːz, -jə-, -ˈleɪriːz/; Latin for "supporters...

conflict between optimates and populares, referring to conservative and reformist politicians, respectively. The Social War between Rome and its Italian allies...

dedications of monuments and public works, and on some Roman currency. The full phrase appears in Roman political, legal, and historical literature, such...

Other narratives appear to represent popular or folkloric tradition; some of these remain inscrutable in purpose and meaning. Wiseman sums the whole as...

conflict between the so-called optimates and populares. This view is criticised as uncritically accepting confusing and empty ancient political slogans...

an attendant and bodyguard to a magistrate who held imperium. Roman records describe lictors as having existed since the Roman Kingdom, and may have originated...

principate was characterised by the reign of a single emperor (princeps) and an effort on the part of the early emperors, at least, to preserve the illusion...

by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced...

imperial ceremonies "left room for consensus and popular participation". Official cruelty, supporting extortion and corruption, may also have become more commonplace;...

Empire, and the city became the capital of Byzantine Italy. After a brief Lombard control, Ravenna came under the authority of the Papacy and, save for...