Bādīs Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist) 12th century al-Ṭughrāʾī Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs Artephius 13th century al-Simāwī Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)...

(modified) image of the sage holding a chemical table (see image above). Al-Tughrai was an 11th–12th century Persian physician. whose work the Masabih al-hikma...

 865–925 or 935) Ibn Umayl, known in Latin as Senior Zadith (c. 900–960) al-Tughrai (1061–1121) Artephius (c. 1150) al-Jildaki, also written al-Jaldaki (died...

high, at least in comparison to their European counterparts. Education would begin at a young age with study of Arabic and the Quran, either at home or...

Society, founded 1875 Flag of the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro at Fiume, bearing the snake Ouroborus In Norse mythology, the ouroboros appears...

genetic relationships. One can distinguish at least three major strands, which appear to be mostly independent, at least in their earlier stages: Chinese...

Iran. In his youth, al-Razi moved to Baghdad where he studied and practiced at the local bimaristan (hospital). Later, he was invited back to Rey by Mansur...

after p. 268 – via Internet Archive. Media related to Alchemical symbols at Wikimedia Commons wikt:Appendix:Unicode/Alchemical Symbols Alchemical symbols...

March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, poem Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineEnglish translation on levity.com Archived 22 June 2023 at the Wayback...

distilling spirits Copper retort Glass alembic Alembic metalwork in the staircase at the Chemical Faculty of Gdańsk University of Technology, 1904 The Unicode...