Modular exponentiation is exponentiation performed over a modulus. It is useful in computer science, especially in the field of public-key cryptography...

Algorithm (IDEA), and RC4. RSA and Diffie–Hellman use modular exponentiation. In computer algebra, modular arithmetic is commonly used to limit the size of...

In mathematics, exponentiation is an operation involving two numbers: the base and the exponent or power. Exponentiation is written as bn, where b is the...

is known. The relative cost of exponentiation. Though it can be implemented more efficiently using modular exponentiation, when large values of m are involved...

square-and-multiply algorithms or binary exponentiation. These can be of quite general use, for example in modular arithmetic or powering of matrices. For...

U 2 j {\displaystyle U^{2^{j}}} . This can be accomplished via modular exponentiation, which is the slowest part of the algorithm. The gate thus defined...

discrete logarithm problem. The computation of ga mod p is known as modular exponentiation and can be done efficiently even for large numbers. Note that g...

However, when performing many multiplications in a row, as in modular exponentiation, intermediate results can be left in Montgomery form. Then the initial...

2 {\displaystyle 2} through p − 2 {\displaystyle p-2} and uses modular exponentiation to check whether a ( p − 1 ) / 2 ± 1 {\displaystyle a^{(p-1)/2}\pm...

Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical concept of modular exponentiation and the discrete logarithm problem. In a public-key cryptosystem...