Rafīq Bey ibn Mahmūd al-ʿAzm (Arabic: رفيق بك بن محمود العظم, 1865-1925) was a Syrian intellectual, author, and politician. 'Azm served as the president...

presidency of Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid. He was a co-founder of the Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization. Haqqi al-Azm was born in Damascus, Ottoman...

Pasha al-Azm (ar), first president of the first parliament in Syria Muhammad Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Sidon and Damascus Rafīq Bey al-ʿAzm, intellectual...

Al-Azm family (Arabic: آل العظم ʾĀl al-ʿAẓm, Turkish: Azm Ailesi) is a prominent Damascene family. Their political influence in Ottoman Syria began in...

with which al-Fatat communicated with Emir Faisal was the Damascus notable and al-Fatat member Ahmad Fawzi Bey al-Bakri. Specifically, al-Fatat sought...

(Thomas) members: Abd al-Ghani al-Uraysi, Jamil Mardam Bey, and Awni Abd al-Hadi, Palestinian Rafiq al-Tamimi, the Iraqi Tawfiq al-Suwaidi, Ahmad Rustum...

modernity," emerged from the latter. In 1897, Rida, along with Rafiq al-‘Azm and Saib Bey, formed the Ottoman Consultative Society in Cairo. The group consisted...

al-Mangoush, Prime minister (1997–2000) Imbarek Shamekh, Prime minister (2000–2003) Tunisia Beylik of Tunis Beys (complete list) – Muhammad VIII al-Amin...