in which one transfers one qubit from Alice to Bob by communicating two classical bits, as long as Alice and Bob have a pre-shared Bell pair. The transmission...

and y {\displaystyle y} , with the least amount of communication between them. While Alice and Bob can always succeed by having Bob send his whole n {\displaystyle...

and Alice and Bob is shown in the figure below. The Alice and Bob and the corresponding components. The schematic representation of the Alice and Bob robots...

identifier X sent back (in cleartext) from Alice to Bob, but has no way to map that to the secret key Y that Bob and Alice are now using for their ongoing communication...

secret keys of Alice and Bob are denoted by a and b respectively, with public keys A and B, as well as the ephemeral key pairs x, X and y, Y. Then protocol...

probability 1/2; if Bob (subscript "B") also measured his qubit, the outcome would be the same as for Alice. Thus, Alice and Bob would each seemingly...

protocol. Alice computes point ( x k , y k ) = d A ⋅ Q B {\displaystyle (x_{k},y_{k})=d_{\text{A}}\cdot Q_{\text{B}}} . Bob computes point ( x k , y k ) =...

equivalent to 2 80 {\displaystyle 2^{80}} operations. Suppose Alice wants to send a signed message to Bob. Initially, they must agree on the curve parameters (...

c=E(k;m)} Alice transmits (in a single message) both the public ephemeral g y {\displaystyle g^{y}} and the ciphertext c {\displaystyle c} . Bob, knowing...

signature to Bob. Bob verifies Alice's signature. Formally: (1) Alice → Bob : x (2) Alice ← Bob : y, SB(y, x) (3) Alice → Bob : SA(x, y) This protocol...