In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature and entropy, pressure and...

Conjugate variables are pairs of variables mathematically defined in such a way that they become Fourier transform duals, or more generally are related...

reference to entropy, its conjugate variable. Such a temperature definition is said to be 'empirical'. The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law...

multiple bonds Conjugate variables (thermodynamics), pairs of variables that always change simultaneously Conjugate quantities, observables that are linked...

The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. The law distinguishes...

of thermodynamics, which has found universal applicability to physical processes. Many thermodynamic properties are defined by physical variables that...

The zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the four principal laws of thermodynamics. It provides an independent definition of temperature without reference...

The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement...

pairs of conjugate variables; there is no natural variable set for a potential including the T-S or p-V variables together as conjugate variables for energy...

contributions to changes in macroscopic internal state variables of the system, which always occur in conjugate pairs, for example pressure and volume or magnetic...