was developed by Linji school figures such as Dahui (1089–1163) called kanhua chan ("observing the phrase" meditation) which referred to contemplation on...

was called the "Chan of gongan (kōan) introspection" (看話禪 Kanhua Chan). Dahui was a vigorous critic of what he called the "heretical Chan of silent illumination"...

learning was to be renounced in the practice of kanhua chan. According to Wright, this development left Chinese Chán vulnerable to criticisms by a resurgent neo-Confucianism...

meditation method was popularized by figures such as Dahui, which was called kanhua chan ("observing the phrase" meditation) which referred to contemplation on...

and then insight arises. According to Mario Poceski, although Dahui's kanhua Chan (in which one focuses on a huatou) purports to be a sudden method, it...

Guifeng Chan". The gradual practice is centered around the Kanhua Chan of Dahui, making Jinul's system a mix of Zongmi Chan and Dahui's Linji Chan. Zongmi's...

could be undertaken by lay-followers. Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163) introduced kanhua practice, "observing the word-head", as a means of solitary practice. He...