history: the tragedy and fate of Chen Yuanyuan". Wakeman 1986, p. 300 《明史·流寇》：“初，三桂奉诏入援至山海关，京师陷，犹豫不进。自成劫其父襄，作书招之，三桂欲降，至滦州，闻爱姬陈沅被刘宗敏掠去，愤甚，疾归山海，袭破贼将。自成怒...

and taxes. They coalesced into rebel armies called "roving bandits" (liúkòu 流寇) because of their highly mobile nature, and spread into other parts of China...

兵侯世禄、大同总兵满桂屯兵德胜门，与后金军交战，城上守军发炮助战，误中满桂所部将士，满桂本人也负伤，率残兵百余人退入德胜门瓮城。>《国榷》卷一百、《流寇长编》卷十七、《甲申纪事》：崇祯十七年三月十七、十八两日，李自成军冒雨猛攻北京内城，城上守军惧且怨，乃施放空炮，炮内未装铅子，借以敷衍塞责。 "National...

Guozhi, vol. 7.5 (新野莊王歆，爲政嚴急，失蠻夷心，義陽蠻張昌聚黨數千人，欲爲亂。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 85 (及李流寇蜀，昌潛遁半年，聚黨數千人，盜得幢麾，詐言台遣其募人討流。) Jin Shu, vol. 100 (太安二年，昌于安陸縣石岩山屯聚，去郡八十里，諸流...