Year 431 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, to Romans it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cincinnatus and Mento (or...

380 BC) 432 BC Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 367 BC) (approximate birth date) 431 BC Xenophon, Athenian Greek mercenary and writer (d. c. 354 BC) 439 BC...

and Athens and their allies. 431 BC: Defeat of the Aequi by the Romans under the dictator Aulus Postumius Tubertus. 431 BC: The Greek physician and philosopher...

delivered to Lycurgus, the semi-legendary Spartan lawgiver (fl. 8th century BC). According to the report by Herodotus (Histories A.65, 2–4), Lycurgus visited...

During the autumn of 431 BC, Pericles led the Athenian forces that invaded Megara and a few months later (winter of 431–430 BC) he delivered his monumental...

Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), ending with a Spartan victory. Greece began the 4th century with Spartan hegemony, but by 395 BC the Spartan rulers dismissed...

The Second Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), often called simply the Peloponnesian War (Ancient Greek: Πόλεμος τῶν Πελοποννησίων, romanized: Pólemos tō̃n...

treaty, Athenian relations with Sparta declined again in the 430s, and in 431 BC the Peloponnesian War began. The first phase of the war saw a series of...

of the second Persian invasion of Greece and the Peloponnesian War (479–431 BC) is not well supported by surviving ancient sources. This period, sometimes...

sides signed a peace treaty in 447 BC. That peace was stipulated to last thirty years: instead, it held only until 431 BC, with the onset of the Peloponnesian...