{\displaystyle {\text{Riem}}} is the full Riemann curvature tensor, Ric {\displaystyle {\text{Ric}}} is the Ricci curvature tensor, and R {\displaystyle R} is the...

tensor always vanishes, had been published by Aurel Voss in 1880. Bianchi, Luigi (1902), "Sui simboli a quattro indici e sulla curvatura di Riemann"...

known as tensor calculus) by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and his student Tullio Levi-Civita between 1880 and the turn of the 20th century. Tensor calculus...

a curvature tensor, Riemann allowed non-Euclidean geometry to apply to higher dimensions. Beltrami (1868) was the first to apply Riemann's geometry to...