1860 United States census
1860 United States census | ||
---|---|---|
| ||
![]() 1860 U.S. census from the state of New York | ||
General information | ||
Country | United States | |
Authority | Census Office | |
Results | ||
Total population | 31,443,321[1] (![]() | |
Most populous | New York 3,880,735 | |
Least populous | Oregon 52,465 |
The 1860 United States census was the eighth census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321[1] in 33 states and 10 organized territories. This was an increase of 35.6 percent[1] over the 23,191,876[2] persons enumerated during the 1850 census. The total population included 3,953,760[3] slaves.
By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the nation was sinking into the American Civil War. As a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the census staff to produce a cartographic display, including preparing maps of Southern states, for Union field commanders. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including the white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail and post road transportation routes.
This census saw Philadelphia regain its position as a second-most populous American city, which it had lost to Baltimore in 1820, due to the Act of Consolidation, 1854 merging many smaller surrounding townships, such as Spring Garden, Northern Liberties, and Kensington, into the main city of Philadelphia. Philadelphia would lose the second-most populous American city position to Chicago in 1890.
Census questions
[edit]The 1860 census Schedule 1 (Free Inhabitants) was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States; the other was Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants).
Schedule 1 collected the following information:[4]
Column | Title | Notes |
---|---|---|
1 | Dwelling-houses – numbered in the order of visitation. | |
2 | Families numbered in the order of visitation | |
3 | The name of every person whose usual place of abode on the first day of June 1860, was in this family. | |
4 | Description: Age. | |
5 | Description: Sex. | M or F |
6 | Description: Color, (White, black, or mulatto). | W, B or M |
7 | Profession, Occupation, or Trade of each person, male and female, over 15 years of age. | |
8 | Value of Estate Owned: Value of Real Estate. | |
9 | Value of Estate Owned: Value of Personal Estate. | |
10 | Place of Birth, Naming the State, Territory, or Country. | |
11 | Married within the year. | Marked with '/' |
12 | Attended School within the year. | Marked with '/' |
13 | Persons over 20 years of age who can not read and write. | Marked with '/' |
14 | Whether deaf and dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict. |
Schedule 2 (Slave Inhabitants) collected the following information:[5]
Column | Title | Notes |
---|---|---|
1 | Name of slave owner | |
2 | Number of slaves | |
3 | Age | |
4 | Sex | |
5 | Color | |
6 | Fugitive from the state | Marked with '/' |
7 | Number Manumitted | |
8 | Deaf and dumb, blind, insane, or idiotic | |
9 | Number of slave houses |
Data availability
[edit]Full documentation for the 1860 population census, including microdata, census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). Aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.
Common occupations
[edit]National data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. Farm laborers (wage workers) represent the next highest percent with 3.2%, followed by general laborers at 3.0%.[6]
More localized data shows that other occupations were common. In the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making.[7] This heavy demand of shoe-related labor reinforces the high demand for rigorous physical laborers in the economy, as supported by the data of very large amounts of farm related work as compared to most other labor options.
IPUMS' data also notes that the share of the population that had been enrolled in school or marked as "Student" stood at 0.2%. This demonstrates a small rate of growth, if any, in the proficiency of the human capital of the time—the skill set a worker has to apply to the labor force, which can increase total output through increased efficiency.
The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property.
Population of U.S. states and territories
[edit]Rank | State | Free Population | Slave Population | Population | Percentage Enslaved |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
01 | New York | 3,880,735 | 0 | 3,880,735 | 0 |
02 | Pennsylvania | 2,906,215 | 0 | 2,906,215 | 0 |
03 | Ohio | 2,339,511 | 0 | 2,339,511 | 0 |
04 | Illinois | 1,711,951 | 0 | 1,711,951 | 0 |
05 | Virginia | 1,105,453 | 490,865 | 1,596,318 | 30.7 |
06 | Indiana | 1,350,428 | 0 | 1,350,428 | 0 |
07 | Massachusetts | 1,231,066 | 0 | 1,231,066 | 0 |
08 | Missouri | 1,067,081 | 114,931 | 1,182,012 | 9.7 |
09 | Kentucky | 930,201 | 225,483 | 1,155,684 | 19.5 |
10 | Tennessee | 834,082 | 275,719 | 1,109,801 | 24.8 |
11 | Georgia | 595,088 | 462,198 | 1,057,286 | 43.7 |
12 | North Carolina | 661,563 | 331,059 | 992,622 | 33.4 |
13 | Alabama | 529,121 | 435,080 | 964,201 | 45.1 |
14 | Mississippi | 354,674 | 436,631 | 791,305 | 55.2 |
15 | Wisconsin | 775,881 | 0 | 775,881 | 0 |
16 | Michigan | 749,113 | 0 | 749,113 | 0 |
17 | Louisiana | 376,276 | 331,726 | 708,002 | 46.9 |
18 | South Carolina | 301,302 | 402,406 | 703,708 | 57.2 |
19 | Maryland | 599,860 | 87,189 | 687,049 | 12.7 |
20 | Iowa | 674,913 | 0 | 674,913 | 0 |
21 | New Jersey | 672,017 | 18 | 672,035 | 0.01 |
22 | Maine | 628,279 | 0 | 628,279 | 0 |
23 | Texas | 421,649 | 182,566 | 604,215 | 30.2 |
24 | Connecticut | 460,147 | 0 | 460,147 | 0 |
25 | Arkansas | 324,335 | 111,115 | 435,450 | 25.5 |
26 | California | 379,994 | 0 | 379,994 | 0 |
27 | New Hampshire | 326,073 | 0 | 326,073 | 0 |
28 | Vermont | 315,098 | 0 | 315,098 | 0 |
29 | Rhode Island | 174,620 | 0 | 174,620 | 0 |
30 | Minnesota | 172,023 | 0 | 172,023 | 0 |
31 | Florida | 78,679 | 61,745 | 140,424 | 44.0 |
32 | Delaware | 110,418 | 1,798 | 112,216 | 1.6 |
33 | Oregon | 52,465 | 0 | 52,465 | 0 |
X | Kansas Territory[12] | 107,204 | 2 | 107,206 | 0.01 |
X | New Mexico Territory | 93,516 | 0 | 93,516 | 0 |
X | District of Columbia | 71,985 | 3,185 | 75,080 | 4.4 |
X | Utah Territory | 40,184 | 29 | 40,273 | 0.07 |
X | Colorado Territory | 34,277 | 0 | 34,277 | 0 |
X | Nebraska Territory | 28,826 | 15 | 28,841 | 0.01 |
X | Washington Territory | 11,594 | 0 | 11,594 | 0 |
X | Nevada Territory | 6,857 | 0 | 6,857 | 0 |
X | Dakota Territory | 4,837 | 0 | 4,837 | 0 |
City rankings
[edit]See also
[edit]- American Civil War
- Cotton gin
- Human capital
- Joseph C. G. Kennedy, census supervisor
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c "1860 Fast Facts". U.S. Census Bureau. December 14, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
- ^ "1850 Fast Facts". U.S. Census Bureau. December 14, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
- ^ "Recapitulation of the Tables of Population, Nativity, and Occupation" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
- ^ "1860 Census Questionnaire" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
- ^ "1860 Census Records - What Questions did the census ask?". US Census Bureau. September 13, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
- ^ "IPUMS 1860 Census Data". IPUMS Data Collection. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
- ^ Wilhelm, Kurt. "Essex, MA Census 1860". 1860 Federal Census. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
- ^ Data tabulated by "1860 Census Results". The Civil War Home Page. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
- ^ Population figures checked against "1860 Census: Population of the United States". Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness. December 20, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
- ^ "1860 Census: Population of the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
- ^ For territories see Jos. C. G. Kennedy, Preliminary Report of the Eighth Census, 1860 (1862) pp 259, 291–294.
- ^ Kansas is admitted as a state in 1861, prior to the publication of the 1860 Census in 1864, and therefore listed as a state not a territory in the 1860 Census.
- ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
- ^ "Regions and Divisions". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Library of Congress research guide for 1860 census - links to primary documents
- "1860 Census: Population of the United States". US Census Bureau.
- Population of the United States in 1860; compiled from the original returns of the eighth census under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior by Joseph C.G. Kennedy
- U.S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850–1880
- Adam Goodheart: "The Census of Doom", NY Times