Al-Afdal Muhammad

Al-Afdal Muhammad (Arabic: الأفضل محمد) was the last Ayyubid Kurdish governor of Hama, in central Syria, reigning from 1332 to 1341.^[1] He was the son and successor of Abu'l-Fida, and a descendant of Saladin's brother Nur al-Din Shahanshah. After the Mamluk defeat of the Mongols in 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut, Hama was restored as a tributary emirate and a succession of Ayyubid rulers of Kurdish origin governed the city. However, al-Afdal incurred the displeasure of his Mamluk overlords and was deposed by them in 1341 ending Ayyubid Kurdish rule over the city.^[2]

• Abu-Lughod, Janet L.; Dumper, Michael (2007), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5
• Lane-Poole, Stanley (2004), The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4179-4570-2