Beli Manastir

Beli Manastir
Town
Grad Beli Manastir Town of Beli Manastir
Beli Manastir
Coat of arms
Beli Manastir Location of Beli Manastir in Croatia Show map of Osijek-Baranja County Beli Manastir Beli Manastir (Croatia) Show map of Croatia Beli Manastir Beli Manastir (Europe) Show map of Europe
Coordinates: 45°46′N 18°36′E / 45.767°N 18.600°E / 45.767; 18.600
Country	Croatia
Region	Baranya (Podunavlje)
County	Osijek-Baranja
Government
• Mayor	Tomislav Rob (HDZ)
• City Council	15 members • HDZ, HSU (10) • SDP (4) • SDSS (1)
Area [1]
• Town	62.4 km2 (24.1 sq mi)
• Urban	36.1 km2 (13.9 sq mi)
Elevation	100 m (300 ft)
Population  (2021)[2]
• Town	7,973
• Density	130/km2 (330/sq mi)
• Urban	6,327
• Urban density	180/km2 (450/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Belomanastirac (♂) Belomanastirka (♀) (per grammatical gender)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	31300 Beli Manastir
Area code	(+385) 31
Website	www.beli-manastir.hr

Beli Manastir (Serbian Cyrillic: Бели Манастир, Hungarian: Pélmonostor) is a town in eastern Croatia. It is the principal town of the Croatian part of Baranja, located in the Osijek-Baranja County.

The name means "white monastery" in Serbo-Croatian. Originally called Monoštor, the current name was adopted in 1923. It is also known as Pélmonostor in Hungarian, and Manoster in German. The name Beli Manastir was first mentioned in 1227, when Moys de Daro, Hungarian Palatine, built a monastery on his estate in Pelu. ^[3]

Other names formerly used for the town were: Pél, Bell, and Monostor. All names are connected with monasteries that existed in history at this location. The first monastery was built in the 9th century during the rule of Slavic duke Kocelj but was later razed, and all that remained of it was pil (obelisk in English), hence the later Hungarian name Pél, which was a version of the Slavic word.

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In the 9th century, this area was part of the Slavic Principality of Lower Pannonia and a Slavic monastery was situated here. The monastery was founded during the visit of Cyril and Methodius, who spread Christianity among Slavs. After Methodius died, his students were expelled and the monastery was razed.^[4]

After the arrival of the Hungarians in the 10th century, this area was included in the newly founded Hungarian state and the settlement was built at this locality. The town was first mentioned in 1212 under name Pél. During Hungarian administration, another monastery was built here (in the 13th century), but it was destroyed by the Mongols in 1241. It was later rebuilt, but was again destroyed during the Ottoman conquest in the 16th century. Between 11th and 16th centuries, the area administratively belonged to the Baranya county.

In the 16th–17th century, the area was part of the Ottoman Empire and administratively belonged to the Sanjak of Mohaç. Since the end of the 17th century, the area was part of the Habsburg monarchy and administratively belonged to the Baranya county, which was part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary.

Until the end of World War II, the inhabitants were Danube Swabians, also called locally as Stifolder, because their ancestors arrived around 1720 from Fulda (district).^[5] Most of the former German settlers were expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria in 1945-1948, consequent to the Potsdam Agreement.^[6]

Since 1918, the town was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed to Yugoslavia). From 1918 to 1922, it was part of the Novi Sad county, from 1922 to 1929 part of the Bačka Oblast, and from 1929 to 1941 part of the Danube Banovina. From 1941 to 1944, it was occupied by Hungary and was administratively included into Baranya county. It was returned to Yugoslav control in 1944 and was administratively part of Vojvodina until 1945, when it was transferred to the People's Republic of Croatia.

During the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995), Beli Manastir was occupied by Serbian paramilitaries and incorporated along with some other towns into the Republic of Serbian Krajina. It was returned to Croatian control after the war, following the short period of UN administration (1996–1998). Beli Manastir is an underdeveloped municipality which is statistically classified as the First Category Area of Special State Concern by the Government of Croatia.^[7]

The Town of Beli Manastir is composed of 4 settlements:^[8]

• Beli Manastir, population 8,049
• Branjin Vrh, population 993
• Šećerana, population 540
• Šumarina, population 486

According to the 1910 census, the town had 2,447 inhabitants, of which:^[9]

• Germans – 1,496 (61.1%)
• Serbs – 478 (19.5%)
• Hungarians – 443 (18.1%)
• Croats – 6 (0.24%)
• others – 24 (0.98%)

In 1929 the population was made of:

• Hungarians – 33.8%
• Germans – 32.6%
• Croats – 18.8%
• Serbs – 12%

53,409 total

• Croats – 19,136 (35.83%)
• Serbs – 12,857 (24.07%)
• Hungarians – 9,920 (18.57%)
• Yugoslavs – 8,850 (16.57%)
• Slovenes – 353 (0.66%)
• Montenegrins – 276 (0.52%)
• Romani – 262 (0.49%)
• Muslims – 82 (0.15%)
• Albanians – 56 (0.11%)
• Macedonians – 45 (0.08%)

The town had a population of 8,671, while total municipality population was 10,986. Ethnic composition of Beli Manastir municipality by 2001 census was:^[10]

• Croats = 6,085 (55.39%)
• Serbs = 2,920 (26.58%)
• Hungarians = 933 (8.49%)
• Romani = 153 (1.39%)
• Germans = 122 (1.11%)

In 1966, a broadcasting mast standing 202 metres high was erected.^[11]

Beli Manastir is home to the STARCO Beli steel wheel factory.

Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.^[12] At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Hungarians, Roma and Serbs of Croatia each fulfilled legal requirements to elect 15 members minority councils of the Town of Beli Manastir.^[13]

Beli Manastir, Beli Manastir-Planina, Haljevo and Palača. Till 1991. part of settlement was also Sudaraž which is now independent settlement.

• In 1910. census together with settlement Sudaraž.

• Milan Kašanin
• Duško Kostić
• Aleksandra Prijović

• Osijek-Baranja County
• Baranya
• Baranya County (former)

• Book: "Narodnosni i vjerski sastav stanovništva Hrvatske, 1880–1991: po naseljima, autor: Jakov Gelo, izdavač: Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, 1998., ISBN 953-6667-07-X, ISBN 978-953-6667-07-9;

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beli Manastir.

• Croatia struggles for post-war harmony
• Theater of Beli Manastir