Communist revolution
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2022) |
Part of a series on |
Communism |
---|
![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Part of a series on |
Political revolution |
---|
![]() |
![]() |
A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism.[1] Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist–Leninist views.[2] The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism;[3][4] Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class.[5] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.
Theory
[edit]Karl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism, where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organized proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie, followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat.[1]
Leninism argues[6][7] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement.[8] Thus meaning that under Lenin's framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution.[9] Some Marxists, such as Rosa Luxemburg,[10][8] disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists.[11][12][13] Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.
Communist revolutions and coups throughout history
[edit]![]() |
The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser-known revolutions, a number of borderline revolutions have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.
Successful
[edit]- 1917–1923: The October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War led to the establishment of the Soviet Union.
- 1921: Mongolian Revolution of 1921
- 1927–1949: The Chinese Communist Revolution led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and fleeing of the Republic of China to Taiwan.
- 1941–1945: Yugoslav People's Liberation War
- 1942–1945: National Liberation Movement (Albania)
- 1944: Bulgarian coup d'état.
- 1945: August Revolution
- 1946–1954: First Indochina War
- 1948: Czechoslovak coup d'état.
- 1953–1959: The Cuban Revolution.
- 1955–1975: Vietnam War
- 1959–1975: Laotian Civil War
- 1961–1974: Angolan War of Independence
- 1961–1979: The Nicaraguan Revolution sees the Sandinistas oust the Somoza government.
- 1963: Les Trois Glorieuses in Congo-Brazzaville.
- 1968–1975: Cambodian Civil War
- 1969: The Corrective Move in South Yemen.
- 1969: The Somali coup d'état led to the formation of the Somali Democratic Republic.
- 1972: Mathieu Kérékou leads a military coup in Benin, leading to the creation of the People's Republic of Benin.
- 1974: Carnation Revolution (while the revolution overthrew the Estado Novo, the demands for a workers' democracy were quashed by the center-left Socialist Party)
- 1974: The 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état.
- 1978: The Saur Revolution leads to the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the start of the Afghan conflict.
- 1979: The New Jewel Movement overthrow's Eric Gairy's government in Grenada, creating the People's Revolutionary Government.
- 1983: The Upper Voltan coup d'état led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré. Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. Blaise Compaoré led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.
- 1996–2006: Nepalese Civil War.
Unsuccessful and ongoing
[edit]- 1871: Paris Commune
- 1915–1920: Jungle Movement of Gilan
- 1916: Easter Rising
- 1918: Finnish Civil War
- 1918–1925: Canadian Labour Revolt
- 1918: Aster Revolution
- 1918–1919: German Revolution of 1918–19
- 1918: Red Week
- 1918: Luxembourg communist revolution
- 1918–1920: Estonian War of Independence
- 1919–1923: Irish soviets
- 1919: Hungarian Soviet Republic
- 1919: Bender Uprising
- 1920: Georgian coup attempt
- 1921: Proština rebellion
- 1923: September Uprising
- 1923: Hamburg Uprising
- 1924: Tatarbunary Uprising
- 1924: Estonian coup d'état attempt
- 1932: 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising
- 1935: Brazilian communist uprising
- 1936–1937: Spanish Revolution of 1936
- 1942–1954: Hukbalahap Rebellion
- 1946–1949: Greek Civil War
- 1946–1951: Telangana Rebellion
- 1948–1949: Jeju uprising
- 1948–1989: Communist insurgency in Burma
- 1948–1960: Malayan Emergency
- 1948: Madiun Affair
- 1960–1996: Guatemalan Civil War
- 1962–1990: Communist insurgency in Sarawak
- 1964–present: Colombian conflict
- 1965–1983: Communist insurgency in Thailand
- 1967–present: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
- 1968–1989: Communist insurgency in Malaysia
- 1969–present: New People's Army rebellion
- 1970: Teoponte Guerrilla
- 1971: JVP insurrection
- 1971: Sudanese coup d'état
- 1972–1974: Araguaia Guerrilla War
- 1972–present: Maoist insurgency in Turkey
- 1975: 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
- 1979–1992: Salvadoran Civil War
- 1980–present: Internal conflict in Peru
- 1982: Amol uprising
- 1987–1989: JVP insurrection
- 2021–2023: Eswatini protests
- 2021–: Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
Table of revolutions
[edit]Start date | End date | Duration | Event(s) | State | Rebel group | Revolutionary base area | Deaths | Result | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 March 1871 | 28 May 1871 | (72 days)[14] | Paris Commune[14][15] | ![]() | Paris | 7,544 killed overall[16][17] | Revolt suppressed[18]
| ||||
1 October 1915[19] | 5 June 1920[20] | (4 years, 249 days) | Jangal Movement | ![]() | Jangal revolutionaries[21][22] | Gilan province | Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic[19] | [a] | |||
24 April 1916 | 29 April 1916 | (6 days) | Easter Rising | ![]() | ![]() | Dublin | 485 killed[25][26][27] | Unconditional surrender of rebel forces,[28] execution of most leaders.[29] | [b] | ||
7 November 1917 | 7 November 1917 | (1 day)[30] | October Revolution | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | Petrograd | Few wounded Red Guard soldiers[32] | Bolshevik victory Start of the Russian Civil War[33] | |||
27 January 1918 | 15 May 1918 | (109 days) | Finnish Civil War[34] | ![]() | Finland | 38,300 killed[37] | Finnish Whites victory | ||||
2 August 1918 | 11 June 1925 | (6 years, 314 days) | Canadian Labour Revolt | ![]() | Canada | Failure of the revolt | |||||
28 October 1918 | 31 October 1918 | (4 days) | Aster Revolution | ![]() | ![]()
| Hungary | Revolutionary victory
| ||||
29 October 1918 | 11 August 1919 | (287 days) | German Revolution of 1918–19[41][42] | ![]() ![]() | ![]()
Soviet Republics: | Various regions of Germany | 150–196[51] |
| |||
9 November 1918 | 14 November 1918 | (6 days) | Red Week | ![]() | ![]() | No revolution | |||||
10 November 1918[53] | 14 January 1919 | (66 days) | Luxembourg communist revolution | ![]() | Assorted communists, socialists, and liberals | French Army victory[53]
| |||||
28 November 1918 | 2 February 1920[54] | (1 year, 67 days) | Estonian War of Independence | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | 3,988+ killed[56][57][58] | Treaty of Tartu:[54] | ||||
29 January 1919[59] | 24 May 1923 | (4 years, 116 days) | Irish soviets[60][61][62] | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Ireland |
| [c] | |||
23 March 1919 | 1 August 1919 | (132 days) | Hungarian Soviet Republic[d][42] | ![]() | ![]() | Hungary | 6,670 killed[64] |
| [e] | ||
27 May 1919 | 27 May 1919 | (1 day) | Bender Uprising | ![]() | ![]() ![]() | Tighina | 150[66] | Romanian–French victory | |||
2 May 1920 | 3 May 1920 | (2 days) | 1920 Georgian coup attempt | ![]() | ![]() | Georgia | Several killed | Government Victory[67][68][69]
| |||
1 March 1921 | 11 July 1921 | (133 days) | Mongolian Revolution of 1921 | ![]() ![]() | ![]() | Outer Mongolia | Mongolian communist victory:[72][73]
| ||||
2 February 1921 | 5 April 1921 | (63 days) | Proština rebellion | ![]() | Civilians led by Ante Ciliga[74] | Istria | Unknown | Government victory:
| [f] | ||
3 March 1921[76] | 8 April 1921[77] | (37 days) | Labin mining strike and rebellion | ![]() | ![]() | Istria | 5[78] | Government victory:
| [g] | ||
14 September 1923 | 29 September 1923 | (16 days) | September Uprising | ![]() | ![]() BZNS ![]() | 841 killed[80] | Bulgarian government victory:
| ||||
23 October 1923[81] | 24 October 1923 | (2 days) | Hamburg Uprising | ![]() | ![]() | Hamburg | 99 killed[81] | Government victory | |||
15 September 1924[82] | 18 September 1924[83] | (4 days) | Tatarbunary Uprising | ![]() | ![]() | Tatarbunary | 3,000 killed[83] | Revolt quelled by the Romanian government | |||
1 December 1924 | 1 December 1924 | (1 day)[85] | 1924 Estonian coup attempt | ![]() | ![]() | 151 killed | Estonian government victory | ||||
1 August 1927[88][89] | 1 October 1949[90][91] | (22 years, 62 days) | ![]() | ![]()
| ![]() | cca. 8 million | Communist victory:
| [h] | |||
22 January 1932[94] | February 1932 | (11 days) | 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising | ![]() | ![]() Pipil rebels | Western El Salvador: | 10,000 – 40,000[95] | Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people[96] | [i] | ||
23 November 1935 | 27 November 1935 | (5 days) | Brazilian communist uprising of 1935 | ![]() | ![]() | Natal, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro | 150+ killed | Government victory | |||
19 July 1936 | 25 May 1937 | (311 days)[98] | Spanish Revolution of 1936 | ![]() | ![]() | Various regions of Spain – primarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain. | Suppressed after ten-month period. | ||||
22 June 1941[102] | 29 November 1945 | (4 years, 161 days) | Yugoslav People's Liberation War | ![]() | ![]() | 850,000–1,200,000[103] | Yugoslav Partisan–Allied victory:
| ||||
29 March 1942[106] | 2 September 1945 | (3 years, 158 days) | Hukbalahap Rebellion (First phase) | ![]() | ![]() | Central Luzon | Huk victory:
| ||||
16 September 1942[109] | August 1945 | (2 years, 320 days) | National Liberation Movement[109] | ![]() | ![]() | Albania | Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania | ||||
9 September 1944 | 9 September 1944 | (1 day) | 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état | ![]() | ![]() | Fatherland Front victory:
| |||||
16 August 1945 | 30 August 1945 | (15 days) | August Revolution[111] | ![]() | ![]() | Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam | Việt Minh victory:
| ||||
6 September 1945[114] | 25 June 1950 | (4 years, 293 days) | Korean Revolution[j] | ![]() |
|
| [k] | ||||
May 1946 | 17 May 1954[123] | (8 years, 17 days) | Hukbalahap Rebellion (Second phase) | ![]() | ![]() | Central Luzon | Nearly 6,000 killed | Philippine government victory:
| |||
4 July 1946[125] | 25 October 1951[126] | (5 years, 114 days) | Telangana Rebellion | ![]() ![]()
| ![]() ![]() ![]() | Withdrawal of rebellion:
| |||||
19 December 1946 | 1 August 1954 | (7 years, 226 days) | First Indochina War | ![]() | ![]()
| 400,000–842,707 total killed [133][page needed] [134][page needed] [135] | DR Vietnam-allied victory:[136]
| [l] | |||
21 February 1948[137] | 25 February 1948[138] | (5 days) | 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état | ![]() |
| Appointment of a communist-dominated government[138] | |||||
2 April 1948[139] | 16 April 1989[140] | (41 years, 15 days) | Communist insurgency in Burma |
|
| ![]() | 3,000+ killed | Burmese government victory[140] | |||
3 April 1948[142][143] | 13 May 1949[144] | (1 year, 41 days) | Jeju uprising[145] |
| ![]() | Jeju Island | 30,000–100,000 killed[146][144][147] | Uprising suppressed[144] | [m] | ||
16 June 1948 | 31 July 1960 | (12 years, 46 days) | Malayan Emergency | ![]() | British Malaya | 11,107[150][151] | British-allied victory:
| ||||
18 September 1948[152] | 19 December 1948[153] | (93 days) | Madiun Affair | ![]() | ![]() | Madiun | 1,920+ killed[155][156] | Rebellion suppressed | |||
26 July 1953[157][158] | 1 January 1959[159][158] | (5 years, 160 days) | Cuban Revolution[160] | ![]() | ![]() ![]() ![]() | 3,000[162] | 26 July Movement victory:
| [n] | |||
1 November 1955 | 30 April 1975[167] | (19 years, 181 days) | Vietnam War | ![]() | ![]() | Memot District (1966–72) Lộc Ninh (1972–75) | 1,326,494–3,447,494[168] | Communist victory | |||
23 May 1959 | 2 December 1975 | (16 years, 194 days) | Laotian Civil War | ![]() | ![]() | Xam Neua | 20,000–62,000 killed[169] | Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory:
| [o] | ||
13 November 1960 | 29 December 1996[170] | (36 years, 47 days) | Guatemalan Civil War | ![]() | ![]() | Guatemala | Between 140,000–200,000 dead and missing (estimated) [173][174][175] | Peace accord signed in 1996 | |||
4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | (13 years, 81 days) | Angolan War of Independence | ![]() | ![]() | Province of Angola | 12,990+ killed[176][177] | Angolan victory:[178][179]
| |||
19 July 1961 | 17 July 1979 | (17 years, 364 days) | Nicaraguan Revolution | ![]() | ![]() MAP-ML (1978–1979) | North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region | 30,000+ killed | FSLN military victory in 1979:
| [q] | ||
c. December 1962 | 3 November 1990[184][185] | (27 years, 338 days) | Communist insurgency in Sarawak | ![]() | ![]()
| Sarawak | 400–500 killed | Government victory:
| |||
13 August 1963[188] | 15 August 1963 | (3 days) | Trois Glorieuses | ![]() | Congolese trade unions:[189]Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo[189] | Uprising successful:
| [r] | ||||
27 May 1964[195] | Present | (60 years, 97 days) | Colombian conflict[196][197] | ![]() |
| Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela | 220,000+ killed[221][222][223] | Ongoing: | |||
1965 | 1983 | (18 years, 1 day) | Communist insurgency in Thailand | ![]() |
| Nakhon Phanom Province | 6,762+ killed[227][228] | Thai government victory:
| |||
18 May 1967 | Present | (57 years, 106 days) | ![]() | ![]() | Red corridor | Since 1997: 13,060–14,552[230][231] | Ongoing | [s] | |||
17 June 1968 | 2 December 1989 | (21 years, 169 days)[232][233] | Communist insurgency in Malaysia | ![]() | ![]() | Malay Peninsula and Sarawak[234] | 367 | Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed: | |||
17 January 1968 | 17 April 1975 | (7 years, 91 days) | Cambodian Civil War | ![]() | ![]() | Ratanakiri Province | 275,000–310,000 killed | Communist victory | [t] | ||
29 March 1969 | Present[238] | (55 years, 156 days) | New People's Army rebellion | ![]() | ![]() | Samar | 43,000+ killed (up to 2008)[240] (63,973+ killed) | Ongoing[241] | [u] | ||
22 June 1969[243] | 22 June 1969 | (1 day) | Corrective Move | ![]() | ![]() | No deaths[244] | Coup successful:[245]
| ||||
21 October 1969 | 21 October 1969 | (1 day) | 1969 Somali coup d'état | ![]() | ![]() | Mogadishu | Supreme Revolutionary Council victory:[246]
| ||||
19 July 1970[247] | 1 November 1970 | (106 days) | Teoponte Guerrilla | ![]() | ![]() | Teoponte Municipality | Bolivian government victory | ||||
5 April 1971 | June 1971 | (62 days) | 1971 JVP insurrection | ![]() | ![]()
| Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province | Official: 1,200 Estimated: 4,000–5,000[248][249] | Ceylonese government victory:[250][251]
| |||
19 July 1971 | 22 July 1971 | (4 days)[252] | 1971 Sudanese coup d'état | ![]() | Revolutionary Council
| Khartoum | Coup attempt fails:
| ||||
April 1972 | October 1974 | (2 years, 214 days)[253] | Araguaia Guerrilla War | ![]() | ![]() | Goiás and Tocantins[253] | 90+ killed[254] | Military dictatorship victory:
| |||
24 April 1972 | Present | (52 years, 130 days) | Maoist insurgency in Turkey | ![]() | ![]()
| Tunceli Province[255] | 500+ Maoists killed | Ongoing | |||
25 April 1974 | 25 April 1974 | (1 day)[256] | Carnation Revolution | ![]() | ![]() | 5 killed | Coup successful:
| ||||
12 September 1974 | 12 September 1974 | (1 day) | 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état | ![]() | ![]() | Coup successful:[260]
| [v] | ||||
7 November 1975[266] | 7 November 1975 | (1 day) | 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état (Bengali: সিপাই-জানাটা বিপ্লব (Sepoy-Janata Biplob)) | ![]() | ![]() Biplobi Shainik Sangstha[268] | Successful coup:
| [w] | ||||
27 April 1978[270] | 28 April 1978 | (2 days) | Saur Revolution | ![]() | ![]() | Afghanistan | 2,000[271] | PDPA victory:
| [x] | ||
13 March 1979[275] | 13 March 1979 | (1 day)[276][277] | New Jewel Movement | ![]() | ![]() | Installation of the People's Revolutionary Government[276] | |||||
15 October 1979 | 16 January 1992 | (12 years, 94 days) | Salvadoran Civil War | ![]() | ![]() | 87,795+ killed[278] | Chapultepec Peace Accords[279] | [y] | |||
17 May 1980[282][283] | Present[284] | (44 years, 107 days) | Internal conflict in Peru | ![]() | ![]()
| Ayacucho Region | 70,000+ killed[288][289][290] | Ongoing | [z] | ||
25 January 1982 | 25 January 1982 | (1 day) | 1982 Amol uprising | ![]() | ![]() | Amol County | 80–300 killed | Iranian government victory | |||
4 August 1983 | 4 August 1983 | (1 day) | Upper Voltan coup d'état[291][292] | ![]() | ![]() | 13 killed |
| ||||
15 April 1987 | 29 December 1987 | (259 days) | 1987–1989 JVP insurrection | ![]() | ![]() | 60,000–80,000 killed[296][297] | Sri Lankan Government victory:
| ||||
13 February 1996 | 21 November 2006 | (10 years, 282 days) | Nepalese Civil War | ![]() | ![]() | Rapti Zone | 17,800 killed overall[299] | Comprehensive Peace Accord[300] | [ab] | ||
20 June 2021 | June 2023 | (2 years, 1 day) | 2021–2023 Eswatini protests | ![]() |
| 24+[305][306] | Protests suppressed.[307] | ||||
August 2021[308][309] | Present | (3 years, 31 days) | Myanmar civil war (2021–present) | ![]() | Myanmar | 45,264+ killed[313] | Ongoing |
See also
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
Notes
[edit]- ^ The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic was invaded and reincorporated into Qajar Iran in November 1921.[23]
- ^ While not explicitly Communist in Nature, the Easter Rising of 1916 was supported by Marxist groups such as the Irish Citizen Army.
- ^ The Irish soviets, declared during the revolutionary period of the Irish war of independence and the Irish civil war, which were defeated by the Irish Free State forces.
- ^
- ^ Led by Béla Kun,[65] defeated after five months.[48]
- ^ About 400 participants of the Proština rebellion were arrested and taken to the Pula remand prison. Fascists and soldiers beat and mistreated arrested the anti-fascists on the way, and several people died as a result of the beatings. Gradually, the anti-fascists were released from prison and later, in the context of the process of wider political amnesty, all were released.[75]
- ^ The anti-fascist, socialist Labin Republic uprising in modern-day Labin, Croatia, which pushed out Mussolini's fascist forces and established a socialist society in the city and surrounding towns.
- ^ The Chinese Communist Revolution was the final stage of the Chinese Civil War, that resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in China in 1949.[90][93]
- ^ The uprising, known as La matanza (the slaughter), was a Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí.
- ^ The period from the end of Chōsen, through the socialist People's Republic of Korea and the foundation of Democratic People's Republic of Korea, to the beginning of the Korean War.[115]
- ^ As of 1992, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea no longer prescribes to Marxism–Leninism,[121] and as of 2009 is no longer a communist state.[122]
- ^ The defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954, and brought the Communist Party of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh to power in North Vietnam. A victory followed closely by the protracted guerrilla warfare-dominated Vietnam War (1957–1975), which in turn led to the fall of Saigon and the driving-out of occupying United States military forces there, and the unification of North and South Vietnam by communist guerrilla forces into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The conflict drastically changed neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
- ^ The Jeju uprising was notable for its extreme violence; between 14,000 and 30,000 people (10 percent of Jeju's population) were killed (with some reports from Korean officials reporting numbers killed as high as 100,000) and 40,000 fled to Japan.[148][149]
- ^ Nationalistic revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara which overthrew former president Fulgencio Batista and instated a Marxist–Leninist socialist regime later on in Cuba.[165] Even though Batista had been elected for his first term, he achieved power for his second term through a coup d'état.[166]
- ^ The Laotian Civil War resulting in the victory of the communist Pathet Lao/Lao People's Revolutionary Party in Laos by 1975, eliminating a coalition government with anti-communists led to the establishment of the communist-administered Lao People's Democratic Republic.
- ^ Schmid; Jongman (2005). Political terrorism. Transaction Publishers. p. 564. ISBN 9781412815666. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
The URNG was the result of the merger of the left-wing armed groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, supported by the FDR of El Salvador and the Nicaragua NDF. The PAC were local militias created by the Guatemalan Government.
- ^ The Nicaraguan Revolution that overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and brought the Sandinistas to power in Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990.
- ^ Instability and the arresting of political opponents eventually led to left-wing protests[193] and Massamba-Débat relinquishing power to Marien Ngouabi, who declared the People's Republic of the Congo under the control of the Congolese Workers' Party.[194]
- ^
- The Maoist revolution of India happened in 1977. It was defeated by the Indian National Congress then led by Indira Gandhi.
- In India, various Maoist-oriented factions (generally called Naxalites) have waged armed struggles since the Naxalbari rebellion of 1967. Today, the most prominent Naxalite group is the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
- ^ The civil war in Cambodia ended with the Khmer Rouge revolution in 1975. The Communist Party of Cambodia and Pol Pot then ruled the country until 1979.
- ^ Maoist-styled "Protracted People's War" in the Philippines.[242]
- ^ The overthrow of Haile Selassie by Mengistu Haile Mariam who then set up one-party Marxist–Leninist rule in Ethiopia by the communist Workers' Party of Ethiopia, until they were defeated and expelled by the revolutionary democratic and Hoxhaist[263][264] Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front during a subsequent civil war.[265]
- ^ After the new president, Ziaur Rahman, offered pay increases for the soldiers, most soldiers lost interest in the ideals of the revolution.[269]
- ^ They were overthrown by the mujahideen in 1992.[274]
- ^ The FMLN (mainly composed of Marxist–Leninist guerrilla groups)[280] fought against the U.S. backed military government which suppressed the rebel movement by framing and mass murdering alleged Marxist–Leninist revolutionaries (El Mozote massacre).[281] The FMLN was inspired by the ideologies of Farabundo Martí and Vladimir Lenin.
- ^ The internal conflict in Peru comprised two rebellions by two different Marxist organizations. One, the Shining Path, fought a bloody war beginning in 1980 with successive Peruvian governments, both democratic and authoritarian in nature. Another organization, known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), named after an Incan warrior Túpac Amaru began their own rebellion in 1982. The MRTA and Shining Path quickly became bitter enemies and fought one another as well as the government of Peru. Fighting goes on today with a small number of Shining Path cadres, however the movement has mostly been crushed and only operates in a very remote jungle region. The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was largely destroyed in 1997 after the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.
- ^ After the formation of Burkina Faso, Thomas Sanka led many socialist policy implementations. One example is the suppression of most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. The chiefs were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed amongst the peasantry.[293] Blaise Compaoré later led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.[294][295]
- ^ The Maoist Unified Communist Party of Nepal fought a fairly successful revolutionary war against the autocratic King of Nepal. In 2006 peace was declared, and an agreement was reached that the Maoists would join an interim government.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Lazar 2011, p. 311.
- ^ Štromas, Alexander; Faulkner, Alexander Robert K.; Mahoney, Alexander Daniel J., eds. (2003). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Oxford, England; Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
- ^ Calvert, Peter (1990). "Interpretation". Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Open University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 0-335-15398-4.
- ^ Jessop 1972, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Engels, Friedrich (October–November 1847). The Principles of Communism. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.
- ^ Lenin, V. I. (1972) [18–23 March 1919]. "Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.)". Lenin's Collected Works. Vol. 29 (4th English ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 141–225. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^ Cohen, Mitchell (Fall 2017). "What Lenin's Critics Got Right". Dissent Magazine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024.
- ^ a b D'Amato, Paul (2014). "Marx, Lenin, and Luxemburg". International Socialist Review. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
- ^ Cheng, Enfu (2021). "What Is the Scientific Nature and Contemporary Value of Leninism?—A Discussion with Professor David Lane". International Critical Thought. 11 (4): 638–654. doi:10.1080/21598282.2021.2012738. S2CID 245804148.
- ^ Várnagy, Tomás (April 19, 2021). "A Central European Revolutionary". Rosa Luxemburg Foundation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
- ^ Mattick, Paul (August 1938). "The Masses & The Vanguard". Living Marxism. Vol. 4, no. 4. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^ Pannekoek, Anton (1941). "The Party and Class". Modern Socialism. Vol. 2. pp. 7–10. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (March 12, 2013). "Noam Chomsky on Revolutionary Violence, Communism and the American Left". Pax Marxista (Interview). Interviewed by Christopher Helali. Archived from the original on July 29, 2015 – via chomsky.info.
- ^ a b Carlisle 2005, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
- ^ Milza, Pierre (2009a). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
- ^ "annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 [Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875
- ^ "Third Party Address [The Paris Commune]". May 1871. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- ^ a b Zirinsky 1994, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Dailami, Pezhmann (April 10, 2012) [15 December 2008]. "Jangali Movement". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 534–544. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
- ^ Katouzian, Homa (1981). The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926–1979. London: MacMillan. p. 75.
- ^ Amirahmadi, Hooshang (2012). The Political Economy of Iran under the Qajars: Society, Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations 1799 to 1921. London: I.B. Tauris. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-8488-5672-1.
- ^ Zirinsky 1994, p. 57.
- ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. ISBN 978-1566637046.
- ^ "1916 Necrology" (PDF). Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2017.
- ^ "1916 list". Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017.
- ^ Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916. Irish Times. 1916. p. 52.
- ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. pp. 243–246. ISBN 978-1566637046.
- ^ Outram, Quentin; Laybourn, Keith, eds. (2018). Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–194. ISBN 978-3-319-62904-9.
- ^ Carlisle 2005, p. 96.
- ^ "Russian Revolution". History Channel. April 20, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
"Июльский кризис" [July Crisis]. Nabat (in Russian). No. 1. September 2000. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2023 – via Azarov.net. - ^ "Russian Revolution". history.com. November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023.
- ^ Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 111–116. ISBN 9780393301953.
- ^ Saarela 2015, pp. 41–62; Tepora & Roselius 2014, pp. 5–6 ; Tikka 2014, pp. 97–98; Hodgson 1967, pp. 58–64, 81–82; Casanova 2000, pp. 515–517
- ^ Upton 1981, pp. 447–453 ; Keränen 192, pp. 136, 149, 152, 159 ; Vares 1998, pp. 56–79, 199–249; Jussila 2007, pp. 276–29; Vares 2009, pp. 376–394
- ^ Hodgson 1967, pp. 74–76.
- ^ Paavolainen 1966, Paavolainen 1967, Paavolainen 1971, Upton 1980, pp. 191–200, 453–460, Eerola & Eerola 1998, National Archive of Finland 2004, Roselius 2004, pp. 165–176, Westerlund & Kalleinen 2004, pp. 267–271, Westerlund 2004a, pp. 53–72, Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118
- ^ Kealey, G. S. (1984). "1919: The Canadian Labor Revolt". Plowing / Le Travail. 13: 11–44. doi:10.2307/25140399. JSTOR 25140399.
- ^ Cornelius, Deborah S. (February 25, 2017). Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron. Fordham University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780823233434.
- ^ Rudnytsky, Peter L.; Bokay, Antal; Giampieri-Deutsch, Patrizia (July 1, 2000). Ferenczi's Turn in Psychoanalysis. NYU Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0814775455.
- ^ a b Hoffrogge 2014, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b Le Blanc 2006, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Hoffrogge 2014, p. 5.
- ^ Hoffrogge 2014, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Hoffrogge, Ralf [in German] (2011). "From Unionism to Workers' Councils – The Revolutionary Shop Stewards in Germany 1914–1918". In Ness, Immanuel; Azzellini, Dario (eds.). Ours to Master and to Own: Worker's Control from the Commune to the Present. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
- ^ Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 978-0820486062.
- ^ Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-1400878802.
- ^ a b Pons 2014, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Schröder, Ulrich; Kuckuk, Peter (2017). Bremen in der Deutschen Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Räterepublik, Restauration [Bremen in the German Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Soviet Republic, Restoration] (in German). Falkenberg. p. 48. ISBN 978-3954941155.
- ^ Pryce, Donald B. (June 1977). "The Reich Government versus Saxony, 1923: The Decision to Intervene". Central European History. 10 (2). Cambridge University Press: 112–147. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018367. JSTOR 4545794. S2CID 143820323.
- ^ Jones, Mark (2016). Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–199. ISBN 978-1-107-11512-5 – via Google Books.
- ^ Bouwman, R. (1981). "Troelstra en het succes van zijn mislukte revolutie" [Troelstra and the success of his failed revolution]. Socialisme en Democratie (in Dutch). 38 (7/8). Amsterdam: 23.
- ^ a b "Luxembourg's history: Mutiny in the Grand Duchy". RTL. August 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
- ^ a b c Rauch, Georg von (1974). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940. C. Hurst & Co. p. 73.
- ^ Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.
- ^ "Vabadussoja Ajaloo Selts" [Freedom Soy History Society] (in Estonian). Archived from the original on December 12, 2023.
- ^ "Kaitsevägi mälestab Vabadussõjas langenuid - Kaitsevägi" [Defense Forces commemorates those who fell in the War of Independence - Defense Forces] (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
- ^ Kaevats, Ülo (1990). Eesti Entsüklopeedia [Estonian Encyclopedia] (in Estonian). Vol. 5. Valgus. p. 396. ISBN 5-89900-009-0.
- ^ McNally, F. (2015). "Political asylum – An Irishman's Diary on mental health and the Monaghan Soviet". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
- ^ Dorney, John (June 6, 2013). "The General Strike and Irish independence". The Irish Story. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Lee, D. (2003), "The Munster Soviets and the Fall of the House of Cleeve" (PDF), Made In Limerick, archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2019, retrieved January 30, 2019
- ^ Nielsen, Robert (October 8, 2012). "Irish Soviets 1919-23". Whistling in the Wind. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4). ISSN 0012-8449.
- ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. pp. 344–345. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0 – via Google Books.
- ^ Völgyes 1970, p. 58.
- ^ Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 190.
- ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951). The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 296, 314.
- ^ Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Georgia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 225–226.
- ^ Pipes, Richard (1954). The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923. Harvard University Press. p. 227.
- ^ "Georgian Independence". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Kungurov, G.; Sorokovikov, I. (1957). Aratskaya revolyutsiya Аратская революция [Herdsmen's revolution] (in Russian). Irkutsk: Irkutskoe Kniznoe Izd. p. 84.
- ^ Ewing, Thomas E. (July 1980). "Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911–1921: A Reappraisal". Slavonic and East European Review. 58 (3). London: 399–421 [419]. JSTOR 4208079.
- ^ Nasanbaljir, Ts. (1960). Revolyutsionnye meropriyatiya narodogo pravitel'stva Mongolii v. 1921–1924 gg [Revolutionary measures of the Mongolian people's government, 1921–1924] (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 22–23.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Proštinska buna" [Proština rebellion]. Istrapedia (in Croatian). July 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023.</}}
- ^ "Ugušena Proštinska buna - prvi antifašistički otpor u Istri" [Suppressed Proština rebellion - the first anti-fascist resistance in Istria]. Antifašistički vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on September 30, 2023.
- ^ Celeghini, Riccardo (March 23, 2016). "BALKANS: "The mine is ours!" History of the Republic of Labin". eastjournal.net. East Journal. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- ^ Stallaerts, Robert (2009). Historical Dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7363-6.
- ^ Osmanagić, Danijel (August 3, 2021). "100 let Labinske republike" [100 years of the Republic of Labin]. Zgodovina na dlani (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- ^ "Labinska republika" [Labin Republic]. Istarska enciklopedija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- ^ Muzeĭ na revolyutsionnoto dvizhenie v Bŭlgariya: Zvezdi vŭv vekovete Музей на революционното движение в България: Звезди във вековете [Museum of the Revolutionary Movement in Bulgaria: Stars in the Ages] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Communist Party. 1972.
- ^ a b Lemmons, Russel (2013). Hitler's Rival: Ernst Thälmann in Myth and Memory. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-8131-4090-2.
- ^ Rotari 2004, p. 241.
- ^ a b Rotari 2004, p. 238.
- ^ Frunză, Victor (1990). Istoria stalinismului în România [The history of Stalinism in Romania] (in Romanian). București: Humanitas. p. 70. ISBN 9732801778.
- ^ Leonard, Raymond W. (1999). Secret soldiers of the revolution: Soviet military intelligence, 1918-1933. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-313-30990-8.
- ^ Lepp, Jaan. "Kommentaar: 1. detsembri aasta" [Comment: December 1 year]. Eesti Elu (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ Salo, Vello (December 4, 2008). "Vello Salo: aprillitame Jüriöö?" [Vello Salo: April Fool's Day?]. Postimees (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ a b Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 295. ISBN 9781598844153. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
- ^ Benton 2015, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b c Yang, Benjamin; Saich, Tony (2016). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-56324-154-3.
- ^ Carlisle 2005, p. 97.
- ^ Benton, Gregor (1999). New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941. University of California Press. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-520-21992-2.
- ^ Perry, Elizabeth J. (2018). "Is the Chinese communist regime legitimate?". In Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael (eds.). The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ Ching, Erik (October 1998). "In Search of the Party: The Communist Party, the Comintern, and the Peasant Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador" (PDF). The Americas. 55 (2). Greenville, South Carolina: Furman University: 204–239 [205–206]. doi:10.2307/1008053. JSTOR 1008053. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
- ^ Tulchin, Joseph S. & Bland, Gary, eds. (1992). Is There a Transition to Democracy in El Salvador?. L. Rienner Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 9781555873103. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ Lindo Fuentes, Héctor; Ching, Erik & Lara Martínez, Rafael A. (2007). Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 37, 62. ISBN 9780826336040.
- ^ "A revolta comunista de 1935" [The communist revolt of 1935] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
- ^ Pagès i Blanch 2013, pp. viii–xi, 24, 118.
- ^ Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism Theory and Practice. Oakland, Edinburgh: AK Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 1-902593-928.
- ^ Dolgoff, Sam (1974). The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939. Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-919618-20-6.
- ^ Pagès i Blanch 2013, p. 24.
- ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. New York: Indiana University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-253-34656-8. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ Geiger 2011, pp. 699–749; A'Barrow 2016; Žerjavić 1993; Mestrovic 2013, p. 129
- ^ Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. pp. 451–452. ISBN 0804708576.
- ^ Abromeit, John; Norman, York; Marotta, Gary; Chesterton, Bridget Maria (November 19, 2015). Transformations of Populism in Europe and the Americas: History and Recent Tendencies. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-4742-2522-9.
- ^ Lachica, Eduardo (1971). The Huks: Philippine Agrarian Society in Revolt. New York: Praeger Publishing.[page needed]
- ^ Kerkvliet, Benedict (1977). The Huk Rebellion: A Case Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-7425-1867-4.[page needed]
- ^ Kerkvliet, Benedict J. (2002). The Huk Rebellion A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 113. ISBN 9781461644286.
- ^ a b Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at war, 1939-1945 (illustrated ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
- ^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2023). "Socialist Mavericks: Yugoslavia and Albania, 1943–1991". East Central Europe and Communism: Politics, Culture, and Society, 1943–1991. Routledge. pp. 231–314 [285–288]. ISBN 9781032318202.
- ^ Huynh, Kim Khanh (August 1971). "Vietnamese August Revolution Reinterpreted". Journal of Asian Studies. 30 (4): 761–782. doi:10.2307/2052986. JSTOR 2052986. S2CID 154323872.
- ^ Spector, Ronald H. (2007). In the ruins of empire: the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia. New York. p. 108. ISBN 978-0375509155.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Thực chất chính phủ Trần Trọng Kim và "lòng yêu nước" của ông thủ tướng" [The essence of Tran Trong Kim's government and the "patriotism" of the prime minister]. Tuần báo Văn Nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (in Vietnamese). No. 446. April 29, 2017. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018., Tuần báo Văn Nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh số 446, 29/4/2017
- ^ Kim 2016, pp. 43–45.
- ^ Armstrong 2003, pp. 1–12.
- ^ a b Kim 2016, pp. 107–112.
- ^ Suh, Dae-Sook (1986). "North Korea in 1985: A New Era after Forty Years". Asian Survey. 26 (1): 78–85. doi:10.2307/2644095. JSTOR 2644095.
- ^ Lanko, Andrei N. (2001). "The Demise of Non-Communist Parties in North Korea (1945–1960)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 3 (1). MIT Press: 103–125. doi:10.1162/15203970151032164. JSTOR 26925101. S2CID 57570755.
- ^ "1940's (1945–1949)". NK Chosun. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007.
- ^ Armstrong 2003, pp. 1, 69–70.
- ^ Worden, Robert L., ed. (2009). North Korea – A Country Study (PDF) (Fifth ed.). Library of Congress Country Studies. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2023.
- ^ Herskovitz, Jon; Kim, Christine (September 28, 2009). "North Korea drops communism, boosts "Dear Leaders"". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
- ^ Goodwin, Jeff (2001). Lange, Peter; Bates, Robert H. (eds.). No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. Ellen Comisso, Helen Milner, Joel Migdal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511812125. ISBN 978-0-521-62948-5.
- ^ Saulo, Alfredo (1969). Communism in the Philippines: An Introduction. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press.
- ^ Sundarayya, P. (1973). "Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part One: Historical Setting". Social Scientist. 1 (7): 3–19 [8–13]. doi:10.2307/3516269. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3516269.
- ^ Ram 1973, pp. 1029–1030.
- ^ Roosa, John (2001). "Passive revolution meets peasant revolution: Indian nationalism and the Telangana revolt". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 28 (4). Taylor & Francis: 57–94 [79–80]. doi:10.1080/03066150108438783. ISSN 0306-6150. S2CID 144106512. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Guha, Ranajit (1976). "Indian democracy: Long dead, now buried". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 6 (1). Taylor & Francis: 39–53 [41]. doi:10.1080/00472337685390051. ISSN 0047-2336. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
- ^ Mantena, Rama Sundari (2014). "The Andhra Movement, Hyderabad State, and the Historical Origins of the Telangana Demand: Public Life and Political Aspirations in India, 1900–56". India Review. 13 (4). Taylor & Francis: 337–357 [350–355]. doi:10.1080/14736489.2014.964629. ISSN 1473-6489. S2CID 154482789.
- ^ Ram 1973, p. 1030.
- ^ a b Dalloz, Jacques (1987). La Guerre d'Indochine 1945–1954 [The Indochina War 1945–1954] (in French). Paris: Seuil. pp. 129–130, 206.
- ^ Kiernan, Ben (1985). How Pol Pot Came to Power. London: Verso Books. p. 80.
- ^ Lomperis, T. (1996). From People's War to People's Rule.
- ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (1995). Vietnam in Military Statistics.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: a History. Penguin Books. p. 221. ISBN 0-14-026547-3.
- ^ Lee Lanning 2008, p. 119; Crozier 2005, p. 47; Fall 1994, p. 63; Logevall 2012, pp. 596–599
- ^ Grogin, Robert C. (2001). Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991. Lexington Books. p. 134. ISBN 0-7391-0160-9.
- ^ a b Naegele, Jolyon (February 23, 1998). "Czech Republic: Fiftieth Anniversary of Communist Coup Observed". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023.
- ^ Hensengerth, Oliver (2005). "The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma" (PDF). Leeds East Asia Papers. 67. University of Leeds: 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008.
- ^ a b Tha, Kyaw Pho (October 3, 2013).