Consonantal sound
Voiced postalveolar affricate IPA Number 104 135 Entity (decimal) d͡ʒ
Unicode (hex) U+0064 U+0361 U+0292 X-SAMPA dZ or d_rZ
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The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate , voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ
. This affricate has a dedicated symbol U+02A4 ʤ LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH , which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩ , ⟨ǧ⟩ , ⟨ǯ⟩ , and ⟨dž⟩ . It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in j ump .
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence . Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar , that is, domed (partially palatalized ) postalveolar , which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge , and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate . Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds. Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Abkhaz аџыр/ajër [ad͡ʒər] 'steel' See Abkhaz phonology Adyghe дж анэ/jána [d͡ʒaːna] ⓘ 'dress' Albanian xh am [d͡ʒam] 'glass' Amharic እንጀ ራ/ûnjera [ɨnd͡ʒəra] 'injera ' Arabic Modern Standard [ 1] جَـ رَس/jaras [d͡ʒaras] 'bell' In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ ] or [ʒ ] . See Arabic phonology Hejazi جـ ـيب/jēb [d͡ʒe̞ːb] 'pocket' Pronounced [ʒ ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology Armenian Eastern [ 2] ջ ուր/jur [d͡ʒuɾ] 'water' Western ճ անճ /janj [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] 'musca (fly) ' Assyrian ܓ̰ ܝܪܐ j yara [d͡ʒjɑɾɑ] 'to pee' Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ ] is used in other varieties. Azerbaijani c an [d͡ʒɑn] 'soul' Bengali জ ল/jol [d͡ʒɔl] 'water' Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology Bulgarian дж удж е/džudže [d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ] 'dwarf' See Bulgarian phonology Catalan jutg e [ˈʒud͡ʒə] 'judge' See Catalan phonology Chechen дж ерво / jyerwo [d͡ʒjerwo] 'previously married woman' Chinese Quzhou dialect 重 / z on [d͡ʒõ] 'heavy' Coptic ϫ ⲉ/je [d͡ʒe] 'that' Czech džbán [d͡ʒbaːn] 'jug' See Czech phonology Dhivehi ޖަ ރާސީމު / jarásímu [d͡ʒaraːsiːmu] 'germs' See Dhivehi phonology Dutch j eans [d͡ʒiːns] 'jeans' Some say [ʒiːns] English j eans [ˈd͡ʒiːnz] 'jeans' See English phonology Esperanto manĝ aĵo [manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] 'food' See Esperanto phonology Estonian dž äss [ˈd̥ʒæsː] 'jazz' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology Finnish dž onkki [ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi] 'junk (ship) ' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology French adj onction [ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃] 'addition' Rare. See French phonology Georgian [ 3] ჯ იბე/jibe [d͡ʒibɛ] 'pocket' German Standard [ 4] Dsch ungel [ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl] 'jungle' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[ 4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/ . See Standard German phonology Goemai [example needed ] [d͡ʒaːn] 'twins' Hebrew Standard ג׳ וק/j uk [d͡ʒuk] 'cockroach' Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology Temani גָּ דוֹל/j aďol [d͡ʒaðol] 'big, great' Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageš . See Yemenite Hebrew Hindustani Hindi जा ना/jānā [d͡ʒäːnäː] 'to go' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology Urdu جـ انا/jānā Hungarian lándzs a [laːnd͡ʒɒ] 'spear' Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology Indonesian j arak [ˈd͡ʒaraʔ] 'distance' Italian [ 5] g emma [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] 'gem' [dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e] , [i] and [ɛ] , while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o] , [a] , [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive . Kabyle lǧ iran [id͡ʒiræn] 'the neighbors' Kashubian [ 6] [example needed ] Kurdish Northern c îger [d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ] 'lung' See Kurdish phonology Central جـ ـەرگ [d͡ʒɛɾg] 'liver' Southern [d͡ʒæɾg] Kyrgyz ж аман / caman [d͡ʒaman] 'bad' See Kyrgyz phonology Ladino djudyó/גﬞודיו [d͡ʒudˈjo] 'Jew' Latvian dadž i [dad͡ʒi] 'thistles' See Latvian phonology Limburgish Hasselt dialect[ 7] dj èn [d͡ʒɛːn²] 'Eugene' See Hasselt dialect phonology Lithuanian dž iaugsmingas [d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs] 'gladsome' See Lithuanian phonology Macedonian џ емпер/džemper [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] 'sweater' See Macedonian phonology Malay j ahat [d͡ʒahat] 'evil' Maltese ġ abra [d͡ʒab.ra] 'collection' Manchu ᠵ ᡠᠸᡝ/juwe [d͡ʒuwe] 'two' Marathi ज य/jay [d͡ʒəj] 'victory' Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z] . See Marathi phonology Occitan Languedocien j ove [ˈd͡ʒuβe] 'young' See Occitan phonology Provençal [ˈd͡ʒuve] Odia ଜ ମି /jami [d͡ʒɔmi] 'land' Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology Ojibwe iij ikiwenh [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] 'brother' See Ojibwe phonology Pashto جـ ـګ/jeg [d͡ʒeɡ] 'high' Persian کـجـ ا/koja [kod͡ʒɒ] 'where' See Persian phonology Polish Standard licz ba [ˈlid͡ʐ.ba] 'number' Gmina Istebna dzi wny [ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ] 'strange' /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate . Lubawa dialect [ 8] Malbork dialect [ 8] Ostróda dialect [ 8] Warmia dialect [ 8] Portuguese Most Brazilian dialects[ 9] grand e [ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)] 'big' Allophone of /d / before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis ), marginal sound otherwise. Most dialects j ambalaya [d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ] 'jambalaya ' In free variation with /ʒ / in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology Romanian g er [ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r] 'frost' See Romanian phonology Sardinian Campidanese g éneru [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] 'son-in-law' Scottish Gaelic D ia [d͡ʒia] 'God' See Scottish Gaelic phonology Serbo-Croatian Some speakers џ ем / dž em [d͡ʒê̞m] 'jam' May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology Bosnian ђ аво / đ avo [d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː] 'devil' Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/ , either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ ] . Croatian Silesian Gmina Istebna [ 10] [example needed ] These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ] . Jablunkov [ 10] [example needed ] Slovene enač ba [eˈnáːd͡ʒbà] 'equation' Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology Somali j oog [d͡ʒoːɡ] 'stop' See Somali phonology Tagalog diy an [d͡ʒän] 'there' Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology . Tatar Mishar Dialect [ 11] c an / җ ан [d͡ʒɑn] 'soul' In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter c (җ) is ⟨ʑ ⟩. Turkish ac ı [äˈd͡ʒɯ] 'pain' See Turkish phonology Turkmen j ar [d͡ʒär] 'ravine' Tyap j em [d͡ʒem] 'hippopotamus' Ubykh [amd͡ʒan] '?' See Ubykh phonology Ukrainian дж ерело/džerelo [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] 'source' See Ukrainian phonology Uyghur c oza / جوزا [d͡ʒozɑ] 'desk' See Uyghur phonology Uzbek j ahon / ж аҳон [d͡ʒaˈhɒn] 'world' West Frisian siedzj e [ˈʃɪd͡ʒə] 'to sow' See West Frisian phonology Yiddish דזש וכע/juche [d͡ʒʊxə] 'insect' See Yiddish phonology Zapotec Tilquiapan [ 13] dx an [d͡ʒaŋ] 'god'
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate [ edit ] Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Its manner of articulation is affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. Its place of articulation is postalveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.
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