Dana classification system

Dana's classification[1][2] is a mineral classification developed by James Dwight Dana. It is based on the chemical composition and structure of minerals. It is mainly used in English-speaking countries, especially in the United States.

The mineral classification used by the International Mineralogical Association is the Nickel-Strunz classification.[3][4]

History

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The classification of minerals was based on chemical composition by Dana in the fourth edition (1854, in two volumes) of his book System of Mineralogy.[5][6] For the 20th century, this classification was completed thanks to scientific progress, particularly in the field of crystallography. In 1941, Karl Hugo Strunz used it to construct his classification. Dana's original classification was further developed, and a new classification was published in 1997.[7]

Classification structure

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Minerals are arranged in a hierarchical system. Each mineral has a classification number, made up of four numbers separated by dots, enabling unambiguous identification even when minerals are known by several names (synonymy). The first number represents the mineral class. The second number represents the mineral type, in some cases taking into account its atomic structure. The third number represents a group of minerals of similar structure. The fourth number gives the unambiguous identification of the mineral.[8][9]

Example

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Kieserite group.

  • 29. Acidic and normal hydrated sulfates
    • 29.06.: acid and normal hydrated sulfates of the formula AXO4-x(H2O)
      • 29.06.02.: kieserite group (monohydrates)
        • 29.06.02.01.: kieserite MgSO4-(H2O), space group C2/c
        • 29.06.02.02.: szomolnokite FeSO4-(H2O), space group A2/a
        • 29.06.02.03.: szmikite MnSO4-(H2O), space group A2/a
        • 29.06.02.04.: povinite (Cu,Fe,Zn)SO4-(H2O), space group P1
        • 29.06.02.05.: gunningite (Zn,Mn)SO4-(H2O), space group A2/a
        • 29.06.02.06.: dwornikite (Ni,Fe)SO4-(H2O), space group C2/c
        • 29.06.02.07.: cobaltkieserite CoSO4-H2O, space group C2/c

Mineral classes

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Elements Chemical element
Sulfides and sulfosalts
Oxides and hydroxides
Halides
Carbonates, nitrates

and borates

  • 14. Non-hydrated normal carbonate
  • 15. Normal hydrated carbonate
  • 16a. Carbonate containing hydroxyl anion or halogen
  • 16b. Carbonate containing hydroxyl anion or halogen
  • 17. Compound carbonates
  • 18. Simple nitrate
  • 19. Nitrates containing hydroxyl anion or halogens
  • 20. Compound nitrate
  • 21. Non-hydrated and hydrated iodate
  • 22. Iodates containing hydroxyl anion or halogen
  • 23. Compound iodate
  • 24. Non-hydrated borate
  • 25. Non-hydrated borate containing hydroxyl anion or halogens
  • 26. Hydrated borate containing hydroxyl anion or halogens
  • 27. Compound borate
Sulfates, chromates

and molybdates

  • 28. Acidic and normal non-hydrated sulfates
  • 29. Acid and normal hydrated sulfates
  • 30. Non-hydrated sulfates containing hydroxyl anion or halogens
  • 31. Hydrated sulfates containing hydroxyl anion or halogens
  • 32. Compound sulfates
  • 33. Selenates and telluratess
  • 34. Selenites, tellurites and sulfitess
  • 35. Non-hydrated chromates
  • 36. Hydrated chromates
Phosphates, arsenates

and vanadates

  • 37. Non-hydrated acid phosphates
  • 38. Non-hydrated normal phosphates
  • 39. Acid phosphates, hydrated
  • 40. Normal phosphates, hydrated
  • 41. Non-hydrated phosphates containing hydroxyl anion or halogens
  • 42. Hydrated phosphates containing hydroxyl anion or halogens
  • 43. Compound phosphates
  • 44. Antimoniates
  • 45. Acid and normal antimonites, arsenites, and phosphites
  • 46. Basic or halogen-containing antimonites, arsenites, and phosphites
  • 47. Vanadium oxysalts
  • 48. Molybdates and tungstates
  • 49. Basic and hydrated molybdates and tungstates
Organic minerals
Silicates and germanates
  • 51. Nesosilicates containing only isolated [SiO4] tetrahedral groups
  • 52. Groups of [SiO4] tetrahedra with O, OH, F, and H2O
  • 53. Groups of [SiO4] tetrahedra with other anions or complex cations
  • 54. Borosilicates and some beryllosilicates with [BO3].
  • 55. Groups Si2O7, generally without additional anion
  • 56. Groups Si2O7 with O, OH, F, and H2O
  • 57. Insular (Si3O10) and larger non-cyclic groups with Si3O10
  • 58. Insular, mixed, isolated, and larger tetrahedral groups
  • 59. Three-membered rings [Si3O9].
  • 60. Four-membered rings [Si4O12].
  • 61. Six-membered rings [Si6O18].
  • 62. Eight-membered rings [Si8O24].
  • 63. Cyclosilicates with condensed rings
  • 64. Rings with other anions and isolated [SiO4] groups
  • 65. Unbranched simple chains, periodicity W=1
  • 66. Unbranched double chains, periodicity W=2
  • 67. Unbranched chains, periodicity W > 2
  • 68. Structures with variable chain widths
  • 69. Chains branched to other chains or loops
  • 70. Tubular or columnar structures
  • 71. Six-member ring layers
  • 72. Infinite layers without six-member rings
  • 73. Condensed tetrahedron layers
  • 74. Modulated layers
  • 75. Tectosilicates
  • 76. Aluminum and silicon networks
  • 77. Zeolite group
  • Unclassified silicates
  • 78. Unclassified silicates

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Dana Classification". www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  2. ^ Dana, J. D. (1855). Manual of Mineralogy ... Durrie & Peck. ISBN 978-1-4181-5915-3.
  3. ^ "Strunz Mineralogical Tables. Chemical Structural Mineral Classification System". pubs.geoscienceworld.org. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  4. ^ Strunz, Hugo; Nickel, Ernest H. (2001). Strunz Mineralogical Tables: Chemical-structural Mineral Classification System. Schweizerbart. ISBN 978-3-510-65188-7.
  5. ^ Dana, James Dwight (1837). A System of Mineralogy: Including an Extended Treatise on Crystallography: with an Appendix, Containing the Application of Mathematics to Crystallographic Investigation, and a Mineralogical Bibliography ... Durrie & Peck and Herrick & Noyes.
  6. ^ Dana, James Dwight (1868). A System of Mineralogy: Descriptive Mineralogy, Comprising the Most Recent Discoveries. J. Wiley & Son.
  7. ^ Gaines, Richard V.; Dana, James Dwight; Dana, Edward Salisbury, eds. (1997). Dana's new mineralogy (8., ed. entirely rewritten and greatly enl ed.). New York, NY: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-19310-4.
  8. ^ "New Dana Classification Number". www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  9. ^ "Mineral Classification - Sternberg Museum of Natureal History". sternberg.fhsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  10. ^ "Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas". www.mineralienatlas.de. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
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