Idaksahak people

Dawsahak
PeopleIdaksahak
LanguageTadáksahak

The Dawsahak people, Idaksahak (var.: Daoussahak,[1][2] Dahoussahak,[3] Dausahaq, Daosahaq, Daoussahaq, Daoussak, Dawsahaq) are pastoralist Berbers centered on Ménaka and Inékar town in Ménaka Region and Talataye in Ansongo Cercle of the Gao Region of northeastern Mali.[4][5][6] They speak the Northern Songhai language Tadaksahak.[7] Many also speak Western Tawallammat Tamajaq language, the Tuareg language of southern Gao.[8] Daoussahak appears to be the most common transliteration of the collective name among French and English academics.[1][2]

History

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The Idaksahak are a former dependent faction of local Tuareg Iwellemmeden, formerly serving as maraboutic (religious experts) and livestock minders for higher caste Tuareg factions.[7] Despite this history, they predated the Tuareg in the region, and even the Songhay Empire, from which they took their language. They are still sometimes referred to as a tewsit (clan) of the Iwellemmeden Tuareg. The Idaksahak, like the related Igdalan "were among the first Berbers to migrate to sub-Saharan Africa, sometime between the 8th and 9th centuries"[7] and were among the first Muslim groups in the area.[7]

The Daoussahak remained detached from, and sometimes in conflict with, French colonial rule as late as the 1950s.[9][10] They were among the first of the rebels who rose against the Malian government in the 1963-64 rebellion, an insurgency which was met with brutal suppression across the north of the country.[11] Daoussahak men also formed armed groups during the 1990s rebellion. The Popular Liberation Front of Azawad(1991-1993)[12] and the later splinter group the National Liberation Front of Azawad (1993) contained fighters drawn from the Daoussahak, the later being majority Daoussahak.[13]

Daoussahak livestock raiding and conflict with rival Fula pastoralists and farmers continues today, with occasional armed conflict over land, grazing, water, and animals periodically spilling over into the Ouallam Department of Niger.[14][15]

Pastoralism

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They now include both sedentary pastoralists and town dwellers, as well as seasonally nomadic pastoralists, herding cattle, goats, and camels from Mali through southern Algeria and northwest Niger.[4] Transhumance patterns continue to take them northeast into the area of Niger inhabited by the Igdalen related Isawaghan: sedentary Northern Songhay speakers of Ingal Niger. The Idaksahak also have a history of transhumance patterns to the southeast, taking them into what is now the Ouallam area of Niger.[3]

Demography, religion, and society

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The Malian population of Idaksahak is estimated at 30,000.[4] Idaksahak share with Tuareg a three part caste system of "free masters" (i-dáksahak), "craftspeople" (ʒeem-án) and the "captives/slaves" (ṭaam-én).[6] One study suggested that of North Songhay speaking communities, the Idaksahak are closest to Tuareg. While culturally similar, Igdalan do not intermarry with Tuareg, while Idaksahak intermarry with both communities.[8] The name i-dáksahak means "sons of Issac".[4] The Idaksahak are Muslim, although many maintain pre-Islamic beliefs and practices. In Menaka and Ansongo, the Idaksahak live amongst populations of the Igdalan, the Kel Essouk Tuareg, Ihatan Songhay, and Berberiche Arab factions.[4][6][7]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Edmond Bernus (ed.). Art of being Tuareg: Sahara nomads in a modern world. Indiana University Press (2006) ISBN 978-0-9748729-4-0 p.291
  2. ^ a b Jeffrey Heath. A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali), Volume 35 of Mouton grammar library. Walter de Gruyter, (2005) ISBN 978-3-11-018484-6 p.9
  3. ^ a b Catherine Taine-Cheikh. [Les langues parlées au sud Sahara et au nord Sahel http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00456346/]. De l'Atlantique à l'Ennedi (Catalogue de l'exposition « Sahara-Sahel »), Centre Culturel Français d'Abidjan (Ed.) (1989) 155-173
  4. ^ a b c d e David J. Phillips. Peoples on the move: introducing the nomads of the world. William Carey Library, 2001 ISBN 0-87808-352-9 pp.146-147
  5. ^ R Christiansen-Bolli. A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali: Summary. Leiden University
  6. ^ a b c R Christiansen-Bolli. A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali: Introduction. Leiden University
  7. ^ a b c d e CM Benítez-Torres. [www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2136.pdf Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology in Tagdal: A Mixed Language] In Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. (2009)
  8. ^ a b Michael J Rueck; Niels Christiansen. Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger, a sociolinguistic survey. Summer Institute of Linguistics (1999).
  9. ^ Edmond Bernus (ed.). Nomades et commandants: administration et sociétés nomades dans l'ancienne A.O.F.. KARTHALA Editions, (1993) ISBN 978-2-86537-420-5 p.212
  10. ^ Pierre Boilley. Les Touaregs Kel Adagh. KARTHALA Editions, (1999) ISBN 978-2-86537-872-2 p.300
  11. ^ Jean Sebastian Lecocq. That desert is our country: Tuareg rebellions and competing nationalisms in contemporary Mali (1946-1996). Universiteit van Amsterdam, (2002). pp.136, 140, 165
  12. ^ Jean-Marc Balencie, Arnaud de La Grange. Mondes rebelles: guerres civiles et violences politiques. Michalon, (1999) ISBN 978-2-84186-091-3 p.264
  13. ^ Lecocq (2002) pp.230, 261
  14. ^ Des Touareg Daoussahak ont une fois de plus attaqué nos paisibles éleveurs Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine AFP, 20 June 2011.
  15. ^ Le Niger veut sécuriser sa frontière avec le Mali, théâtre de banditisme armé. APA, 6 September 2008.
  • Regula Christiansen-Bolli A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali. Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. (31 March 2010).
  • Cyffer, Norbert (Ed) (2000). Michael J Rueck; Niels Christiansen. Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger, a sociolinguistic survey. in Trends in Nilo-Saharan linguistics: proceedings of the 7th Nilo-Saharan linguistics conference, Vienna, Austria, 2–6 September 1998. Cologne : Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
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  • Idaksahak: a community blog from an Idaksahak community group in Mali.
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