Doctor of Sciences

See also: Candidate of Sciences
This article is about the Soviet and Russian degree. For more general use, see Doctor of Science.
A USSR Doctor of Sciences certificate

A Doctor of Sciences[a] is a higher doctoral degree in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and many Commonwealth of Independent States countries. One of the prerequisites of receiving a Doctor of Sciences degree is having a PhD-equivalent Candidate of Sciences degree beforehand. In addition, the Doctor of Sciences conferral also requires applicants to demonstrate significant and outstanding contributions to their research field. This degree is generally regarded as an honor and recognition for lifetime academic achievements rather than an ordinary academic degree by courses and theses.

History

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The "Doctor of Sciences" degree was introduced in the Russian Empire in 1819 and abolished in 1917. Later it was revived in the USSR on January 13, 1934, by a decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.[1] By the same decision, a lower degree, "Candidate of Sciences" (kandidat nauk), roughly the Russian equivalent to the research doctorate in other countries, was first introduced. This system was generally adopted by the USSR/Russia and many post-Soviet/Eastern bloc states, including Bulgaria, Belarus, former Czechoslovakia, Poland (since abolished), and Ukraine.

But the former Yugoslav degree "Doktor nauka" / "Доктор наука" / "Doktor znanosti", still awarded by Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia follows the Bologna Process and is therefore equivalent to either a PhD, or to a higher doctorate, depending on the institution awarding the degree.

Admission

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Doctor of Sciences degrees are conferred by a national government agency called the Higher Attestation Commission (Vysshaya attestatsionnaya komissiya, VAK) on the solicitation by the specialized dissertation committee before which the candidate has defended her or his dissertation. Such committees are created in academic institutions with established research record and are accredited by VAK.[2] The total number of committee members is typically about 20, all holding the Doctor of Sciences degree. The area of research specialization of at least five committee members must match the profile of the materials submitted by the doctoral candidate for the consideration. The candidate must conduct independent research. Therefore, no academic supervisor is required; moreover, typically the candidate is an established scholar him/herself, supervising a few Ph.D. students while working towards his or her Doctor of Sciences dissertation. However, it is normal practice when an experienced consultant is appointed to help the scholar with identifying the research problem and finding the approach to solving it; yet this is not technically regarded a supervision.

The procedures of conferring of both Kandidat and Doktor academic degrees are more formal and different from conferring a Ph.D. degree in Western universities. In particular, for the Doktor, the academic institution, where the scholar is affiliated as a doctoral candidate, must conduct a preliminary review of the research results and personal contribution made by the candidate and, depending on findings, elect whether to render formal support or not. By definition, this highly prestigious degree can be conferred only for a significant contribution to science and/or technology based on a public defense of a thesis, monograph, or (in rare cases) of a set of outstanding publications in peer-reviewed journals. The defense must be held at the session of a Specialized Dissertation Committee accredited by VAK. Prior to the defense, three referees holding Doctor of Sciences degrees themselves (the so-called "official opponents") must submit their written motivated assessments of the thesis. One more similar assessment is to be provided by some university or academic institution, working in the same field of science or technology, and in addition several other reviewers must mail their conclusions made based on a thesis summary (usually a 32-page brochure in natural sciences and 48 pages in social sciences).

In the former USSR, this degree is considered a sufficient credential for tenured full professorship at any institution of higher education. Unless an academic holds a Doctor of Sciences, she or he can make it to a full professor only through 15 years or more of outstanding teaching service on the university level. At least one published and widely accepted textbook and the degree of Kandidat Nauk are required in the latter case, anyway. A Doctor of Sciences degree holder can become a tenured full professor after just one year of teaching experience in a non-tenured faculty position. A degree of Doctor of Sciences also enables its holders to claim an academic rank of a professor awarded by VAK or a new rank of a "Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences" established in 2015.

The Doctor of Sciences thus has no academic equivalent in North America, as it is a post-doctoral degree.

The German Habilitation and, to some extent, the French habilitation à diriger des recherches (HDR) are comparable to it, as are the British higher doctorates (e.g. Doctor of Science), although the last-mentioned are not required for career advancement. On the average, only 10 per cent of Kandidats eventually earn a Doktor degree. Although some exceptionally talented researchers in mathematics do earn Doctor of Sciences in their late 20s, the average age of the scholars reaching Doktor in most disciplines is about 50; this implicitly indicates the amount of contribution that must be made.

According to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, "In countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition at the level of the second doctoral degree. In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Doctor Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree."[3]

According to guidelines published by the Russian Academy of Sciences:[4]

  1. д. арх. (Russian: доктор архитектуры) – Doctor of Sciences in Architecture
  2. д. б. н. (Russian: доктор биологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Biological Sciences
  3. д. вет. н. (Russian: доктор ветеринарных наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Veterinary Sciences
  4. д. воен. н. (Russian: доктор военных наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Military Sciences
  5. д. г. н. (Russian: доктор географических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Geographical Sciences
  6. д. г.-м. н. (Russian: доктор геолого-минералогических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Geological and Mineralogical Sciences
  7. д. и. н. (Russian: доктор исторических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Historical Sciences
  8. д. иск. (Russian: доктор искусствоведения) – Doctor of Sciences in Study of Art
  9. д. м. н. (Russian: доктор медицинских наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Medical Sciences
  10. д. п. н. (Russian: доктор психологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Psychological Sciences
  11. д. пед. н. (Russian: доктор педагогических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Pedagogical Sciences
  12. д. полит. н. (Russian: доктор политических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Political Sciences
  13. д. с.-х. н. (Russian: доктор сельскохозяйственных наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Agricultural Sciences
  14. д. социол. н. (Russian: доктор социологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Sociological Sciences
  15. д. т. н. (Russian: доктор технических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Technical Sciences
  16. д. теол. н. (Russian: доктор теологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Religious Sciences
  17. д. ф. н. (Russian: доктор филологических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Philological Sciences
  18. д. фарм. н. (Russian: доктор фармацевтических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Pharmaceutics
  19. д. ф.-м. н. (Russian: доктор физико-математических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Physical and Mathematical Sciences
  20. д. филос. н. (Russian: доктор философских наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Philosophical Sciences
  21. д. х. н. (Russian: доктор химических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Chemical Sciences
  22. д. э. н. (Russian: доктор экономических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Economics
  23. д. ю. н. (Russian: доктор юридических наук) – Doctor of Sciences in Jurisprudence

According to the International Standard Classification of Education, for purposes of international educational statistics:[5]

  1. D.Sc.; D.Phil. to Doctor of Sciences in Philosophy,
  2. D.Lit.; Dr.Litt. to Doctor of Sciences in Literature,
  3. D.Sc.; Dr.Nat.Sci. to Doctor of Sciences of Natural Science,
  4. LL.D.; D.Sci.Jus. to Doctor of Sciences of Legal Science.

Notes

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  1. ^ Russian: доктор наук, IPA: [ˈdoktər nɐˈuk], abbreviated д-р наук or д. н.; Ukrainian: доктор наук; Bulgarian: доктор на науките; Belarusian: доктар навук

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Leitenberg, Milton and Raymond A. Zilinskas (2012), The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012, Table 2.1.
  2. ^ "NIC ARaM of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation". Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
  3. ^ "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries". Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  4. ^ The Russian Academy of Sciences (2007). "Список сокращений" [List of abbreviations]. Справочник. Часть II [Reference book, Part II] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  5. ^ "Par. 262 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) UNESCO 2011". Archived from the original on 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
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