Empress Dowager Wang (Southern Ming)

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (August 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at [[:zh:孝正皇太后]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|孝正皇太后}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Empress Dowager Wang (born Wang Huiling, Chinese: 王徽灵; c. 1594? – 1651), formally known as Empress Dowager Xiaozheng (Chinese: 孝正太后), was an empress dowager of the Southern Ming dynasty of China.^[1] She was the main consort of Zhu Changying, Prince of Gui, the father of the Yongli Emperor. She converted to Catholicism and adopted the name Helena.^[2]

She was the principal consort of Zhu Changying, and as such, she became the adoptive mother of his children with his other consorts. After the fall of the Ming dynasty, she was asked to approve of the installation of her stepson Yongli Emperor as Ming emperor. She gave her approval in November 1646, after which the Emperor could be enthroned. The Yongli Emperor showed his stepmother more influence than was considered necessary, and she acted as one of his principal advisers. It was said that she was:

"...versed in letters, aware of current events, analytical about tasks and clear in her reasoning. After the Emperor assumed the throne there was nothing in which he did not follow her wishes."^[3]

She, along with the Emperor's biological mother and his consort, was converted to Catholicism by the Jesuit Andreas Xavier Koffler in April 1648.

By November 1650, the Yongli Emperor's family had fled the Manchus and were staying at Nanning (see Southern Ming#The Nanning court (1646–1662) and Transition from Ming to Qing). As Empress Dowager Wang and several others had converted to Christianity, she wrote to Pope Innocent X, requesting aid. She gave the letters to Jesuit missionary Michał Piotr Boym, who, accompanied by two Chinese, set sail from Macao by the end of the year. The journey to Rome and back would end up taking eight and a half years. They arrived in Rome in November 1652 via Goa, Golconda, Ispahan, Tauris, Smyrna, Venice, and Lorette. By then, the pope had died and his successor Pope Alexander VII finally responded to the letters in December 1655. The new pope's banal reply expressed the hope that her empire would recover its former integrity. Boym set sail from Lisbon in 1656, and reached China once again in 1658/59. The Manchu Qing Dynasty denied him entry, and Boym soon fell ill died, his letters undelivered.^[4]