Saigon Execution

Saigon Execution^[a] is a 1968 photograph by Associated Press photojournalist Eddie Adams, taken during the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War. It depicts South Vietnamese brigadier general Nguyễn Ngọc Loan shooting Viet Cong captain Nguyễn Văn Lém^[b][c] near the Ấn Quang Pagoda in Saigon. The photograph was published extensively by American news media the next day,^[2] and would later win Adams the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography.

Nguyễn Văn Lém was a captain in the Viet Cong (VC) and was known by the code name Bảy Lốp.^[1] He and his wife Nguyễn Thị Lốp lived as undercover arms traffickers in Saigon, trading tires as a front business.^[3][d]

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was the chief of the Republic of Vietnam National Police (RVNP),^[5] and brigadier general of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).^[6] He had anticipated the Tet Offensive, and was responsible for coordinating the ARVN response in Saigon – including commanding the RVNP to capture the Ấn Quang Pagoda, which the VC were using as a base of operations.^[7]

Eddie Adams was an Associated Press (AP) war photographer. Having worked previously as a US Marine,^[8] he had a reputation for being fearless, taking pictures close to danger, and for being often "in the right place at the right time".^[9] Adams had been in Vietnam since 1965 to cover the war, and on February 1, 1968 he heard from the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) about fighting in Chợ Lớn.^[10] He met with NBC journalist Howard Tuckner, cameramen Võ Huỳnh and Võ Suu, and soundman Lê Phúc Đinh. They shared a car to Chợ Lớn to cover the conflict.^[6]

The NBC and AP crews arrived at the Ấn Quang Pagoda the same morning, and having seen nothing of interest by noon, were preparing to leave. A cameraman for the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) was also present. Meanwhile, Lém was captured by ARVN marines while wearing civilian clothing. The marines escorted him to where the journalists happened to be.^[12] The journalists noticed this; the NBC and ABC cameramen began filming.^[e][6][12] Loan instructed a marine to kill Lém, but he was reluctant, so Loan unholstered his gun,^[12] a .38 Special Smith & Wesson Bodyguard revolver.^[13] The ABC correspondent was spooked by Loan and stopped filming.^[f] Adams believed this was merely an intimidation tactic, but nonetheless prepared to take a photo. Loan then shot Lém. At the same time, Adams snapped the photo,^[12] photographing the moment the bullet was still inside Lém's head.^[15] Lém fell to the ground, blood spurting out of the wound. Loan then explained his actions to the journalists, citing the Americans and South Vietnamese that had died.^[g] A marine placed a VC propaganda leaflet on Lém's face. His body was left in the street and later taken to a mass grave.^[17]

According to Oriana Fallaci in her book Nothing, and So Be It, Loan explained shooting Lém in a 1968 interview by arguing that Lém "wasn’t wearing a uniform and I can’t respect a man who shoots without wearing a uniform... I was filled with rage."^[18] In a later 1972 interview with Tom Buckley of Harper's Magazine, when asked why he killed Lém, Loan said "When you see a man in civilian clothes with a revolver killing your people ... what are you supposed to do? We knew who this man was. His name was Nguyễn Tân Đạt, alias Hàn Sơn. He was the commander of a sapper unit. He killed a policeman. He spit in the face of the men who captured him."^[13]

As part of the Tet Offensive, the Viet Cong conducted the targeted killings of prominent people opposed to the VC. Some authors have suggested that Lém was involved in such activities.^[19] A story emerged during the 1980s that Lém had just murdered a police major, a subordinate and close friend of General Loan, and the major's whole family. Eddie Adams believed and repeated this story. "It turns out that the Viet Cong lieutenant who was killed in the picture had murdered a police major--one of General Loan's best friends--his whole family, wife, kids, the same guy. So these are things we didn't know at the time."^[20] "I didn't have a picture of that Viet Cong blowing away the family."^[21] In 2008, a new version appeared, in which Lém had murdered the family of Lieutenant Colonel Nguyễn Tuấn, who was not a subordinate of General Loan but an officer in the armored forces of the ARVN.^[22] Vietnam war historian Edwin E. Moïse believes that story is South Vietnamese propaganda, noting the later stories about Lém's actions were not part of Loan's initial explanations. Noting this position, historian Max Hastings said "the truth will never be known".^[23][24] A similar skeptical assessment was made by researcher Christopher Saunders.^[25]

Other stories about Lém assert that he was a turncoat who had been working for both the police and the Vietcong, or that he was a small time Vietcong informant who was captured while simply trying to escape.^[26]

The event received extensive attention in the US during the coming days; the photo was published on most American newspapers the next morning, and 20 million people saw the NBC's film of it on The Huntley–Brinkley Report that evening.^[27] Various other organizations and American politicians commented on the event.^[28]

The photograph is commonly characterized as having created a massive shift in American public opinion against the war. Historian David Perlmutter found little to no evidence to back up this claim.^[29]

The photo came to haunt Adams: "I was getting money for showing one man killing another. Two lives were destroyed, and I was getting paid for it. I was a hero." He elaborated on this in a later piece of writing: "Two people died in that photograph. The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera."^[30]

Ben Wright, associate director for communications at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, said of the photo: "There's something in the nature of a still image that deeply affects the viewer and stays with them. The film footage of the shooting, while ghastly, doesn't evoke the same feelings of urgency and stark tragedy."^[30]

Nguyễn Ngọc Loan continued to serve as Brigadier General and Chief of Police until he was wounded in action in May that year.^[26] In 1975, he fled South Vietnam during the Fall of Saigon, emigrating eventually to the United States.^[31] Pressure from the U.S. Congress resulted in an investigation by the Library of Congress,^[32] which concluded that Lém's execution was illegal under South Vietnamese law.^[33] In 1978, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) contended that Loan had committed a war crime.^[33] They attempted to deport him, but President Jimmy Carter personally intervened to stop the proceedings, stating that "such historical revisionism was folly". Carter's staff explained that the president was concerned about how Loan would be treated back in Vietnam.^[34][35] Loan died on July 14, 1998, in Burke, Virginia, at the age of 67.^[36]

The sole survivor of the massacre of Tuân's family (allegedly by Lém) was Huan Nguyen; aged nine at the time, he was shot three times during the attack and stayed with his mother for two hours as she bled to death. In 2019, he became the highest-ranking Vietnamese-American officer in the U.S. military when he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.^[37][38]

In 2012, Douglas Sloan made a short movie, Saigon '68, about Adams' photograph. This movie details the influence it had on the lives of Adams and Loan, and on public opinion of the Vietnam War.^[39]

• Phan Thị Kim Phúc
• Thích Quảng Đức
• List of photographs considered the most important
• Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald, another Pulitzer-winning photo of someone at the moment they were fatally shot.

• Bailey, George A.; Lichty, Lawrence W. (1 June 1972). "Rough Justice on a Saigon Street: A Gatekeeper Study of NBC's Tet Execution Film". Journalism Quarterly. 49 (2): 221–238. doi:10.1177/107769907204900201. ISSN 0022-5533.
• Braestrup, Peter (1983). Big Story: How the American press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington. Vol. 1 (Abridged ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-89158-012-3. OL 3491247M.
• Hariman, Robert; Lucaites, John Louis (2015). "Street Execution of a Viet Cong Prisoner, Saigon, 1968". In Hill, Jason E.; Schwartz, Vanessa R. (eds.). Getting the Picture: The Visual Culture of the News. London: Bloomsbury Academic. doi:10.4324/9781003103547. ISBN 978-1-4725-2422-5.
• Morris, Virginia; Hills, Clive A. (2018). Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-6563-4. LCCN 2018014974.
• Perlmutter, David D. (1998). Photojournalism and Foreign Policy: Icons of Outrage in International Crises. Praeger Series in Political Communication. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-95812-4. ISSN 1062-5623. LCCN 98-16908.
• Robbins, James S. (2010). This Time We Win: Revisiting the Tet Offensive (First American ed.). Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-59403-229-5. OL 23972233M.
• Willenson, Kim; et al. (Correspondents of Newsweek) (June 1987). The Bad War: An Oral History of the Vietnam War. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0-453-00546-2. OL 26271770M.

• The Saigon Execution, an account by an AP photo editor including research after the war.