Florence–Rome railway

Florence–Rome railway
Florence Santa Maria Novella railway station
Overview
Status	Operational
Line number	92
Locale	Italy (Florence)
Termini	Firenze Santa Maria Novella Roma Termini
Stations	10
Service
System	Ferrovie dello Stato (FS)
Operator(s)	Ferrovie dello Stato
History
Opened	1866
Technical
Line length	314.8 km (195.6 mi)
Number of tracks	Double track
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification	Electrified at 3000 V DC
Route map Legend from Bologne (high speed), Viareggio and Livorno Firenze Rifredi 314.077 Firenze Santa Maria Novella Firenze Statuto To Faenza 1896 deviation 310.112 Firenze Porta alla Croce Firenze Campo di Marte 307.040 Firenze Rovezzano High-speed line (HSL) to Rome 302.089 Compiobbi 298.636 Sieci 294.479 Pontassieve to Borgo San Lorenzo 289.394 Sant'Ellero to Saltino (closed 1922) Arno River 286.278 Rignano sull'Arno–Reggello Autostrada A1—European route E35 high-speed line 1935 deviation Arno River Arno River 278.726 Incisa (old/ new) Valdarno North junction to the high-speed line 274.378 Figline Valdarno 266.844 San Giovanni Valdarno Valdarnese interurban line 261.416 Montevarchi-Terranuova Valdarnese interurban line 258.219 Valdarno South junction, link to the HSL 255.303 Campitello crossover 253.696 Bucine 248.888 Laterina 243.520 Ponticino Autostrada A1—European route E35 233+976 Indicatore crossing loop HSL 232.017 Arezzo North, link to the HSL From Sinalunga/Pratovecchio/Stia 227.370 Arezzo to Fossato di Vico (closed 1945) 221.382 Olmo crossing loop 219.228 Arezzo South junction, link to the HSL 215.326 Rigutino-Frassineto crossing loop 209.614 Castiglion Fiorentino 199.093 Camucia–Cortona 192.738 Terontola–Cortona to Perugia–Foligno Autostrada RA06 junction Tuscany Umbria 182.725 Castiglion del Lago 175.836 Panicale-Sanfatucchio crossing loop Umbria Tuscany from Siena and the HSL from Florence Chiusi North junction, link to the HSL Montallese crossover Chiusi North junction, link to the HSL High-speed line to Rome line from Ellera (never completed) 164.210 Chiusi-Chianciano Terme Tuscany Umbria 156.717 Città della Pieve Chiusi South junction, link to the HSL 147.316 Fabro-Ficulle Autostrada A1—European route E35 HSL HSL 135.462 Allerona–Castel Viscardo Paglia River 130.463 Orvieto North junction no 2, link to the HSL 124.876 Orvieto 122.855 Orvieto South junction no 2, link to the HSL 117.236 Baschi (closed in 2011) Autostrada A1—European route E35 111.974 Castiglione in Teverina Tiber River 105.108 Alviano Lazio Tuscany from Viterbo 96.093 Attigliano–Bomarzo Autostrada A1—European route E35 Tiber River 90.929 Bassano in Teverina (closed in 2011) 88.378 Orte North junction no 1, link to the HSL from Ancona 82.503 Orte To Capranica (only occasional traffic) Orte South junction, link to the HSL HSL Tiber River 73.837 Gallese Teverina Tiber River 69.737 Civita Castellana–Magliano HSL Tiber River Autostrada A1—European route E35 60.810 Collevecchio 56.784 Stimigliano 52.835 Gavignano Sabino 48.521 Poggio Mirteto to Rieti, Antrodoco and San Benedetto del Tronto (never built) 37.130 Fara Sabina–Montelibretti 30.994 Piana Bella di Montelibretti 25.582 Monterotondo–Mentana Autostrada A1—European route E35 HSL from Florence 16.227 Settebagni Grande Raccordo Anulare 12.772 Fidene (opened 1995) 10.330 Nuovo Salario (opened 1981) Aniene River 7.183 Roma Nomentana 4.505 Roma Tiburtina Roma San Lorenzo depot from Pescara and Naples (high-speed) from Naples (via Formia), Naples (via Cassino) and Nettuno to Fiumicino, Pisa and Viterbo 0.000 Roma Termini Source: Italian railway atlas[1] This diagram: view talk edit

The Florence–Rome railway is part of the traditional main north–south trunk line of the Italian railway network. The line is referred to by Ferrovie dello Stato (the State Railways) as the Linea Lenta (meaning "slow line", abbreviated LL) to distinguish it from the parallel high-speed line. The Linea Lenta is now mainly used for regional services, for the InterCity services — rather than the faster Le Frecce trains — between Florence and Rome and for the majority of freight trains. Some types of passenger train are routed on the line to serve smaller stations not served by the high-speed line or in order to improve traffic flow during peak periods or other periods of congestion.

High-speed trains on the Florence-Rome route use the parallel Florence–Rome high-speed line (Direttissima, meaning "most direct", abbreviated DD) which was partially opened on 24 February 1977 and completed on 26 May 1992.

The origins of the line design date back to early days of railway building in Italy, some years before the creation of the Italian State in 1859, which explains its tortuous path and its somewhat illogical route in places. While the Apennines to the north of Florence created a difficult natural barrier, the political frontier with the Papal States to the south also obstructed the development of a rail connection with Rome. The physical and political geography led to the development of a railway line from the French border, through the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont), Piacenza, and Bologna to Ancona and eventually Brindisi. At the same time the same geography led the Papal States to develop a line from Rome to Ancona. For similar reasons the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was developing east–west rail links from Naples to Termoli, Foggia and Brindisi.

The plan for the line between Rome, Orte and Foligno, which is common to the current lines from Rome to the Adriatic port of Ancona and Florence as far as Orte, took shape in the Papal States in 1846 shortly after Pius IX became Pope, replacing his predecessor Gregory XVI who banned railways, calling them "chemins d'enfer" (French for "ways of hell"; a play of words for "chemins de fer", French for "railways"). On 7 November 1846, the Secretary of State, authorised the construction of a railway connecting Rome to Ancona in order to reach Bologna and Modena, and connecting with the railway of Lombardy–Venetia then part of the Austrian Empire. The route chosen generally followed an ancient Roman Road, the Via Flaminia through Orte and continued over the Apennines via the pass of Fossato.^[3] A concession was granted in May 1856 to a company called Ferrovia Pio Centrale (Central Pius Railway) in honour of the Pope. It was completed only ten years later and inaugurated on 29 April 1866 by the Kingdom of Italy. The project, including the sections already built, had already been absorbed in 1865 by the Società per le strade ferrate romane (Roman Railway Company).

Meanwhile, the project had inspired the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to build a railway to connect Florence with the Roman Railway Company's line. The route chosen for the railway was the natural route through the valley of the Arno to Arezzo and then continuing towards Perugia to the border with the Papal States. The concession was signed by the Grand Duchy in 1859 and confirmed by the new provincial government of Tuscany—which had just been absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy—on 24 March 1860. The company led by Augusto Pietro Adami and Adriano Lemmi, both from Livorno, obtained reconfirmation with a dictatorial decree signed by Garibaldi in Caserta on 25 September 1860.^[4] On 7 July 1861, Act 96 of the Kingdom of Italy gave legislative approval for the concession to the Società delle Ferrovie Livornesi (Livornese Railway Company) to carry out construction work already started^[5] for a strada ferrata da Firenze per Arezzo fino all'incontro di quella da Roma ad Ancona ("railway from Florence via Arezzo to that from Rome to Ancona").^[6] The resulting line was very long and tortuous while being very useful for many formerly isolated towns and villages. The first section of slightly less than 20 kilometres between Firenze Santa Maria Novella and Pontassieve was opened by the Livornese Railway Company on 20 September 1862. In the spring of 1863 the line from Florence reached Montevarchi and was completed to Terontola on 16 March 1866.^[2] The line from Terontola to Foligno was opened in December 1866, completing the link between Florence and Rome via Perugia.

On 15 December 1862, the Società per la Ferrovia Centrale Toscana (the Central Railway Company of Tuscany)—which had the concession for the line from Empoli to Siena—opened an extension of the line from Chiusi–Chianciano Terme station to Ficulle and on 27 December 1865 the line reached Orvieto. An extension to Orte on 10 March 1874, together with the Chiusi–Terontola cutoff, allowed the shortening of the route.^[2] Meanwhile, following the reorganisation of the railways under Law No. 2279 of 14 May 1865 the Livornese Railway Company and the Central Railway Company of Tuscany were merged into the reconstituted Roman Railway Company.

On 2 November 1864 the final section of the Porrettana line opened between Pistoia and Pracchia, reducing the travel time over the Apennines between Florence to Bologna from 14 hours (by road) to only 5 hours. This fact together with the transfer of capital of the Kingdom from Turin to Florence moved the main traffic flow from the Ancona route to the new line to Florence. However, it was quickly realized that it was inadequate and obsolete especially after the transfer in 1870 of Italy's capital to Rome, which meant that most trains now travelled on the line. While the journey included many curves through beautiful landscape and the ancient towns of Narni, Terni, Spoleto, Assisi and Perugia, in 1871 it meant that a train leaving Florence at 8.05 arrived in Rome at 17.40, that is it took 9 hours 35 minutes to cover 372 km.^[7] It was therefore decided to shorten the route by bypassing Perugia. On 15 November 1875^[2] a new cutoff was opened between Chiusi–Chianciano Terme and Terontola across generally flat land west of Lake Trasimeno, shortening the line by about 58 kilometers and avoiding the tortuous line through Perugia, which was reduced to being a secondary line. During the reorganisation of the railways in 1885, the line became part of a new concession, the Società Italiana per le strade ferrate meridionali (Italian Company for the Southern Railway)—known as the Rete Adriatica (Adriatic Network)—which had its headquarters in Florence.

The line was originally built as a single track and operated with steam traction; it was doubled in stages and then electrified at 3000 volts DC in 1935. However, the line remained slow, not allowing travel at over 100 km/h. After World War II work started on a project—which had been partly developed before the war—for the quadrupling of certain sections of the line that were already approaching saturation. In the early 1960s work slowly started on its implementation, which had developed into a project consisting of a new line with advanced features and a number of interconnections making possible the operation on the same track of both high-speed trains and trains stopping at intermediate stations. The new line is now known as the Direttissima.^[8]

The current route connects the stations of Firenze Santa Maria Novella and Roma Termini via Arezzo, Terontola, Chiusi and Orvieto with a total length of 314 km. It follows the valleys of the Arno, the Paglia and the Tiber rivers. The index of tortuosity, according to UIC standards is very high at 68%, which is determined in large part by the presence of five major curves: Fara Sabina, Orte, Ficulle, Arezzo and Pontassieve. Because of the reduced radius curves for 40/50% of the line, the maximum speeds are not more than 95–105 km per hour.

The line is double track and electrified at 3,000 volts direct current and has interconnection with the Direttissima at:

• Valdarno North
• Valdarno South
• Arezzo North
• Arezzo Sud
• Chiusi North
• Chiusi South
• Orvieto North
• Orvieto South
• Orte North
• Orte South

The integration of fast and slow trains on the two double lines, known as Linea Alta Velocità/Alta Capacità (high speed/ high capacity line, AV-AC) is similar to that adopted for high-speed lines in Germany.

• List of railway lines in Italy

• Tuzza, Alessandro, ed. (1927). "Prospetto cronologico dei tratti di ferrovia aperti all'esercizio dal 1839 al 31 dicembre 1926" (in Italian). Ufficio Centrale di Statistica delle Ferrovie dello Stato/Trenidicarta.it. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
• Atlante ferroviario d'Italia e Slovenia [Railway atlas of Italy and Slovenia]. Schweers + Wall. 2010. ISBN 978-3-89494-129-1.
• RFI, ed. (December 2003). Fascicolo Linea 92 (in Italian). Rete Ferroviaria Italiana.