Geniohyoid muscle

Geniohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
	Anterior view. Geniohyoid muscle labeled at upper center left
	Extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Left side.
Details
Origin	Inferior mental spine of mandible
Insertion	Hyoid bone
Artery	Branches of the lingual artery.
Nerve	C1 via the hypoglossal nerve
Actions	Carry hyoid bone and the tongue upward during deglutition
Identifiers
Latin	musculus geniohyoideus
TA98	A04.2.03.007
TA2	2166
FMA	46325
	Anatomical terms of muscle [edit on Wikidata]

The geniohyoid muscle is a narrow paired muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. It is named for its passage from the chin ("genio-" is a standard prefix for "chin")^[1] to the hyoid bone.

Structure

The geniohyoid is a paired short muscle that arises from the inferior mental spine, on the back of the mandibular symphysis, and runs backward and slightly downward, to be inserted into the anterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone.^[2]^: 346 It lies in contact with its fellow of the opposite side. It thus belongs to the suprahyoid muscles. The muscle receives its blood supply from branches of the lingual artery.^[3]

Innervation

The geniohyoid muscle is innervated by fibres from the first cervical spinal nerve travelling alongside the hypoglossal nerve.^[2]^[4]^[5] Although the first three cervical nerves give rise to the ansa cervicalis, the geniohyoid muscle is said to be innervated by the first cervical nerve, as some of its efferent fibers do not contribute to ansa cervicalis.^{[clarification needed]}

Variations

It may be blended with the one on opposite side or double; slips to greater cornu of hyoid bone and genioglossus occur.^{[citation needed]}

Function

The geniohyoid muscle brings the hyoid bone forward and upwards.^[2] This dilates the upper airway, assisting respiration.^[4] During the first act of deglutition, when the mass of food is being driven from the mouth into the pharynx, the hyoid bone, and with it the tongue, is carried upward and forward by the anterior bellies of the Digastrici, the Mylohyoidei, and Geniohyoidei. It also assists in depressing the mandible.^[3]

History

The inclined position of the geniohyoid muscle has been contrasted to the horizontal position in neanderthals.^[6]

Additional images

Illustration of the hyoid bone showing the insertion point of the geniohyoid muscle
Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
Geniohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 393 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ "Genio-". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Chin
^ ^a ^b ^c Singh I (2009). Essentials of anatomy (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. p. 346. ISBN 978-81-8448-461-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Drake RL, Vogel W, Mitchell AW (2020). "Head and Neck". Gray's Anatomy for Students (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 823–1121. ISBN 978-0-323-39304-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Takahashi S, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Kuroda T (December 2002). "Breathing modes, body positions, and suprahyoid muscle activity". Journal of Orthodontics. 29 (4): 307–13, discussion 279. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.514.2998. doi:10.1093/ortho/29.4.307. PMID 12444272.
^ Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AW, Gray H (2005). Gray's anatomy for students (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 988. ISBN 978-0-443-06612-2.
^ Barney A, Martelli S, Serrurier A, Steele J (January 2012). "Articulatory capacity of Neanderthals, a very recent and human-like fossil hominin". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 367 (1585): 88–102. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0259. PMC 3223793. PMID 22106429.

External links

Anatomy figure: 34:02-06 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
"Anatomy diagram: 25420.000-1". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26.
Frontal section

[1] "Genio-". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Chin

[SINGH2009-2] Singh I (2009). Essentials of anatomy (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. p. 346. ISBN 978-81-8448-461-8.^{[permanent dead link]}

[Drakee4-3] Drake RL, Vogel W, Mitchell AW (2020). "Head and Neck". Gray's Anatomy for Students (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 823–1121. ISBN 978-0-323-39304-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[TAKAHASHI2002-4] Takahashi S, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Kuroda T (December 2002). "Breathing modes, body positions, and suprahyoid muscle activity". Journal of Orthodontics. 29 (4): 307–13, discussion 279. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.514.2998. doi:10.1093/ortho/29.4.307. PMID 12444272.

[GRAYS2005-5] Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AW, Gray H (2005). Gray's anatomy for students (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 988. ISBN 978-0-443-06612-2.

[6] Barney A, Martelli S, Serrurier A, Steele J (January 2012). "Articulatory capacity of Neanderthals, a very recent and human-like fossil hominin". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 367 (1585): 88–102. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0259. PMC 3223793. PMID 22106429.

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[6]

v t e Muscles of the neck
Cervical	Platysma Sternocleidomastoid Longus capitis Longus colli Scalene anterior middle posterior Rectus capitis anterior muscle Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Suboccipital	Rectus capitis posterior major minor Obliquus capitis inferior superior
Suprahyoid	Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid	Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid
Pharynx	Pharyngeal constrictor superior middle inferior Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus
Larynx	Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid vocal thyroepiglottic
Trachea	Trachealis
Fasciae	Deep cervical fascia Pretracheal fascia Prevertebral fascia Investing layer Carotid sheath Alar fascia Palatine aponeurosis Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pharyngeal raphe