Henry Dawkins

For the British forester, botanist, ecologist and statistician, see Henry Colyear Dawkins.

Henry Dawkins
Henry Dawkins. Pastel by Maurice-Quentin de La Tour, c. 1750, in the National Gallery
Born24 May 1728
Clarendon, Jamaica
Died19 June 1814(1814-06-19) (aged 86)
London
Resting placeChipping Norton
EducationAbingdon School
Alma materSt Mary Hall, Oxford
OccupationSlave owner
Spouse
Lady Juliana Colyear
​
​
(m. 1759)​
Children12
RelativesGeorge Hay Dawkins-Pennant (son)
Charles Colyear (father-in-law)

Henry Dawkins II (24 May 1728 – 19 June 1814) was a Jamaican plantation and slave owner[1] and Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (MP).

Background

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The Dawkins family settled in Jamaica shortly after its seizure from the Spanish in 1655. William Dawkins (d. 1694) acquired plantations in Jamaica, by grant, in the period 1669 to 1682. These descended to his grandsons James Dawkins I, and the sons of Henry Dawkins I (1698–1744), James Dawkins II and Henry Dawkins II, sons of Henry Dawkins I, all three being MPs. Both James I and James II left property in England to Henry II, who also inherited Jamaican properties from relatives, for an annual income of £40,000 to £50,000.[2] It has been estimated that the gross income of the Jamaican plantations was more than £44,000 in 1775.[3]

At his death in 1744, Henry Dawkins I owned in Jamaica Old Plantation, Parnassus, Friendship, Green River, Leicester Fields, Trout Hall, One Eye, Sandy Gully Pen, Windsor, Folly Pen, Bog Hole Pen, Withywood Pastures and Treadways, including 1,315 slaves in total.[4]

Life

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He was born 24 May 1728 in Clarendon, Jamaica. He was the third surviving son of Henry Dawkins I (1698–1744), a slave-owner,[5] sugar planter, and his wife, Elizabeth (1698–1737), daughter of Edward Pennant of Clarendon, chief justice of Jamaica and of Elizabet Moore. His brothers were plantation and slave-owner[6] James Dawkins II, his eldest brother and the elder brother, major slave owner William Dawkins (1726–1753).[7][8][9]

He studied at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon, (now Abingdon School) c. 1739-1744 and St Mary Hall, Oxford from 1745.[10][11] Dawkins's father on his death in 1744 bequeathed 25,000 acres of land and approximately £100,000 to his three surviving sons. James, the eldest son (James Dawkins II, who died in 1757), inherited 14,300 acres, William (died in 1753, without issue) received 5,000, and Henry 5,700. By c. 1750 he owned 20,000 acres in Jamaica (St Elizabeth, Clarendon and Vere) and of estates in Wiltshire and Oxfordshire.[12] By 1809 he owned the total of 1,464 slaves on the estates of Parnassus, Folly, Old Plantation, Friendship and Suttons.[13]

From 1752 to 1758 Henry Dawkins was a member of the assembly in Jamaica, and was then on the council to 1759. In 1760 he entered the Parliament of Great Britain as member for Southampton, holding the seat to 1768. He then was member for Chippenham, Hindon and Chippenham again, leaving Parliament finally in 1784. He served for a 24-year period with only short breaks (one caused by his defeat at Salisbury, near his estate at Standlynch, in 1768). He was a Steward of the Old Abingdonian Club in 1769.[14]

According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, there is no record of Dawkins having spoken in the House of Commons. However, from 1773 to 1805 he was a member of the Society of West India Planters and Merchants, a pressure group. His son James succeeded him at Chippenham.[11]

He died 19 June 1814 in London and was buried at Chipping Norton. His wealth at death was £150,000.[15]

Properties in England

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Dawkins sold his brother's estate at Laverstoke in 1759.[16] In 1766 he inherited Over Norton Park in Oxfordshire from his uncle James Dawkins. He kept this property (which remains in the Dawkins family to this day). The family also rented a London property in Upper Brook Street.[17]

Standlynch House

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Also in 1764 he bought Standlynch Park in Wiltshire. This house, now called Trafalgar Park, was bought from William Young for £22,000.[18][19] When Dawkins died in 1814, Standlynch Park was sold for £90,000 to William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson, who had been voted the money needed to purchase an estate by Parliament.[2] He changed the name to Trafalgar House and Park.[20]

Intellectual interests

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Dawkins was a patron of neoclassical architects. He had alterations done to Standlynch House (a building by the architect John James dating from the 1730s).[21] Dawkins had work done on the wings, by John Wood, the Younger, and on the portico by Nicholas Revett. Revett was an associate of Dawkins' brother James, who had antiquarian interests. Revett and both Dawkins brothers were members of the Society of Dilettanti.[22] As can be seen from the original floor plans signed by J. Wood Arch, Dawkins seems to have built the north wing for himself and his wife Lady Juliana, while the south wing mainly housed the dining room, kitchen and brewery.[23]

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1778.[24]

Family

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The family of Henry Dawkins, c. 1774, by Richard Brompton

Dawkins married in 1759, Lady Juliana Colyear (1735–1821), daughter of Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore and Juliana Hele.[11] They had eight sons and four daughters. The sons were:[25]

The daughters were:[25]

  • Augusta, died an infant 1761/62?
  • Elizabeth (1761/62?–1831), married in 1795 William Ronke Leeds Sergeantson[30] or William Rookes Leedes Serjeantson[31] or W. Serjeantson, Esq. of Camphill, Yorkshire, leaving issue
  • Juliana (b. 1762/63/67?), died unmarried in 1847
  • Susanna (1773/75/76?–1830), married in 1804 Sir Edward Dodsworth, 2nd Baronet.[32]

Henry was the great-great-great-grandfather of the biologist Professor Richard Dawkins. In 2010 Richard Dawkins wrote an obituary for his father, describing how John Dawkins had inherited Over Norton Park from a distant cousin and how the estate, in the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, had been in the family since the 1720s.[33]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b H. J. Habakkuk (1994). Marriage, Debt, and the Estates System: English Landownership, 1650–1950. Clarendon Press. pp. 455–6. ISBN 978-0-19-820398-8.
  3. ^ Sheridan, Richard B. (1994). Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775. Canoe Press, University of the West Indies. p. 227. ISBN 976-8125-13-6.
  4. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  6. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  7. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". wwwdepts-live.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  8. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  9. ^ Burke, Bernard (1871). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. Harrison.
  10. ^ Parker, M. St John. "Dawkins, James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7338. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  11. ^ a b c "Dawkins, Henry (1728–1814), of Over Norton, Oxon. and Standlynch, Wilts., History of Parliament Online". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  12. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  13. ^ "1811 Jamaica Almanac - Clarendon Slave-owners". www.jamaicanfamilysearch.com. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  14. ^ "Object 13: Stewards of the OA Club". Abingdon School. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  15. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slavery". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  16. ^ George Frederick Prosser (1833). Select Illustrations of Hampshire. J. & A. Arch. p. 154.
  17. ^ Sheppard, F H W. "Upper Brook Street: South Side Pages 210-221 Survey of London: Volume 40, the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings)". British History Online. LCC. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  18. ^ "History of Trafalgar Park Wiltshire". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  19. ^ H. J. Habakkuk (1994). Marriage, Debt, and the Estates System: English Landownership, 1650–1950. Clarendon Press. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-19-820398-8.
  20. ^ Pocock, Tom. "Nelson, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19888. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  21. ^ Christopher Christie (2000). The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century. Manchester University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-7190-4725-1.
  22. ^ Nikolaus Pevsner; Bridget Cherry (1975). Wiltshire. Yale University Press. p. 529. ISBN 978-0-300-09659-0.
  23. ^ "Antique Print - Plan of the Principal Floor of Standlinch - Eldon". www.rareoldprints.com. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  24. ^ Thomas Thomson (1812). History of the Royal Society, from Its Institution to the End of the 18th Century. Baldwin. p. lvii.
  25. ^ a b Sir Bernard Burke (1871). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. Harrison. p. 334.
  26. ^ "Dawkins, James (1760–1843), of Standlynch, Wilts., History of Parliament Online". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  27. ^ "Dawkins Pennant, George Hay (1764–1840), of Penrhyn Castle, Caern., History of Parliament Online". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  28. ^ "Dawkins, Henry (1765–1852), of Over Norton, Oxon., History of Parliament Online". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  29. ^ "John Dawkins (1774–1844), Summary of Individual, Legacies of British Slave-ownership". Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  30. ^ The Lady's Magazine Or Entertaining Companion for the Fair Sex: Appropriated Solely to Their Use and Amusement. Baldwin, Cradock & Joy. 1795. p. 296.
  31. ^ E. Walford (1882). The county families of the United Kingdom. Рипол Классик. p. 576. ISBN 978-5-87194-361-8.
  32. ^ John Burke (1833). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. H. Colburn. p. 369.
  33. ^ Lusher, Adam (19 February 2012). "Slaves at the root of the fortune that created Richard Dawkins' family estate". The Daily Telegraph.
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