Hruso language

Hruso
Hruso
Angka(e), Gusso, Hrusso, Tenae
Aka
Native to	Arunachal Pradesh, India
Region	Southeast Kameng, Bichom River Valley
Ethnicity	Hruso
Native speakers	3,000 (2007); perhaps including Levai
Language family	possibly Sino-Tibetan, or a language isolate Hrusish? Hruso; ;
Dialects	Levai?;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	hru
Glottolog	hrus1242
ELP	Hruso

Hruso, also known as Aka (Angka), is a language of Arunachal Pradesh India. Long assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan language, it may actually be a language isolate.^[2]^[3] It is spoken by 3,000 people in 21 villages in Thrizino Circle, West Kameng District.^[2] The Hruso people inhabit areas of South East Kameng and are concentrated in the Bichom River Valley, and speak English, Hindi, and Miji in addition to Hruso.^[1]

Bangru (Ləvai), spoken on the Tibetan border, might be related to Hruso, but it seems more likely that it is a dialect of Miji.^[2]

Locations

According to the Ethnologue, Hruso is spoken in the following villages of Thrizino circle, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, in India.

Jamiri
Husigaon
Gohainthan
Buragaon
Karangonia
Raindogonia
Yayom
Gijiri
Dijungonia
Tulu
Palatari
Raghupam
Tania
Khuppi
Bhalukpong
Balipho
Palizi

Hruso is also spoken in Pisang village, Seppa circle, East Kameng district.

Status

Ethnologue lists the language as 6b, or "threatened", The same can be said on another example, where ELP, or Endangered Languages Project, with a 20% certainty also lists it as "threatened."

Dialects/varieties

The book Hruso by Robert Shafer, notes the two dialects that Hruso is divided into. The first one is known to be recorded by Campbell and the second dialect is known to be recorded by Anderson, Hesslmeyer, and Payne. Also Dialect A has some differentiation in vocabulary when compared to Dialect B. Dialect A is also known to be briefly recorded and is more archaic than dialect B which has very little recording evidence behind it.

Dialects A 1 Anderson hhu, k' k'ii "water ", Hess. xu. And. diaha (p. 9), diak'a (17) " to-morrow ". And. yo " to-day ", ya " now ". And. k'sesi " goat " (6), k's8 (18), H. kisie, P. k'esi, k'isi. Camp. gle " foot ", P. -ksi, si-, si, And. -si, H. si. 2 To chew; p. 17, to eat. 3 In na-yu "ear emerald ". 4 The consonant seems to be palatalized in this root in some languages and the vowel perhaps umlauted, both perhaps due to the following *-s. But these languages are too poorly recorded to form a basis for a conclusion.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Hruso at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b ^c Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Hruso". Glottolog 4.3.
^ Shafer, Robert (1 January 1947). "Hruso". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 12 (1): 184–196. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00079994. JSTOR 608994. S2CID 246637851.