Bunama language
Austronesian language spoken in Papua New Guinea
Bunama | |
---|---|
Native to | Papua New Guinea |
Region | Milne Bay Province |
Native speakers | (4,000 cited 1993)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bdd |
Glottolog | buna1276 |
Bunama is an Austronesian language spoken in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands of Papua New Guinea.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
Plosive | vless/asp. | p | pʷ | t̪ʰ | ʔ | ʔʷ | |||
voiced | b | bʷ | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||||
Fricative | s | h | hʷ | ||||||
Nasal | m | mʷ | n | ||||||
Lateral | ɺ | ||||||||
Approximant | j | w |
- /p/ can fluctuate to aspirated [pʰ] in stressed syllables.
- /b d ɡ/ can also be heard as [ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ] word-initially in stressed syllables.
- /b/ can be heard as a fricative [β] intervocalically in word-medial position.
- /d/ can be heard as a tap [ɾ] intervocalically in word-medial position.
- /s/ can be heard as a more fronted [s̪] in unstressed syllables following vowels /ɛ, a/.
- Prevoicing of the lateral flap [ ̬ɺ] may also occur in initial positions.
- /ɺ/ may also be heard as a retroflex flap [ɽ] depending on the dialect of the speaker. It can also be heard as [ ̬ɽ] when realized as prevoiced in word-initial positions.
- /w/ may fluctuate to a labio-dental [v] among some speakers.
- /j/ may be realized as a dental approximant [ð̞] when before /a/.
Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ʊ | |
Mid | ɛ | o | |
Open | a |
- /a/ is heard as [ɒ] before and after a labialized consonant, or with sounds /w/, /ʔ/. It is also heard as [ʌ] word-medially and word-finally in unstressed syllables.
- /ʊ/ is heard as [ʊ] word-medially and word-finally but never following labialized consonants, or semivowels /w, j/. It is heard as [u] when following sounds /s t̪ʰ/.
- /o/ can be heard as [ɔ] when preceding a glottal stop /ʔ/.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Bunama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Hughes, Ngaire; Leckie, Isabel (1976). Bunama Phonemics.
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Other Papuan languages |
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Sign languages |
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