Iris goniocarpa

Iris goniocarpa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Pseudoregelia
Species:
I. goniocarpa
Binomial name
Iris goniocarpa
Synonyms[1]
  • Iris goniocarpa var. tenella Y.T.Zhao
  • Iris gracilis Maxim. [Illegitimate]

Iris goniocarpa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China, India, Burma (or Myanmar) and Bhutan. It has yellow green to dark green, long leaves, slender stem and, one flower between blue, lavender-blue, lilac, blue-violet or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

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Iris goniocarpa is very similar in form to Iris hookeriana, but differs in being more slender in growth,[2] and it also produces one flower (in May).[3]

It has short rhizomes, that grow very slowly,[4] and also has very slender secondary roots underneath the rhizome.[5]

It has yellow green,[4][5] green,[6] or dark green leaves.[7] That are linear,[4][5] and can grow up to between 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, and between 0.2 and 0.3 cm wide.[5][8] They do not have a mid-vein,[5] and are similar in form to Liriope foliage.[7]

It has a slender stem, that can grow up to between 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall.[5][9][10]

The stem is either leafless,[5] or has 1–2 green,[8] lanceolate spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 2–4 cm (1–2 in) long and between 0.5 and 0.8 cm wide.[5]

The stems hold 1 terminal (top of stem) flower,[3][5][9] blooming in spring,[7] or summer,[11] between April and May,[5][6][7] or May and June.[4]

The flowers are 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter,[5][8][9] come in shades of blue,[6][8] from blue-violet,[4][7] lilac,[8][9] lavender-blue,[10] to blue-purple,[3][4][9] or purple.[2][12] Very rarely, there is a white form.[2][8][10]

It has 2 pairs of petals, (like other irises) 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[13] The falls are obovate to elliptic in shape,[5] with a retuse (or rounded) apex.[5] It has a deeper or a darker shade, mottling or blotching.[2][3][5] In the centre, they have a white beard,[5][7] which has yellow,[5] or orange tipped hairs.[3][8][9] The erect,[8] standards are oblong shaped, with a retuse apex.[5] 1.8–2.2 cm (1–1 in) long and 0.5 cm wide.[5][8]

It has a 1.5–2 cm long perianth tube, 1.5 cm long stamens, yellow anthers, 1–1.5 cm long ovary and 1.8 cm long style branches.[5]

After the iris has flowered, between June and August, it produces an ellipsoid seed capsule, that is 3.2–4 cm (1–2 in) long and 1.2–1.8 cm in diameter. It has a short beak-like apex.[5]

Biochemistry

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In 2009, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 10 irises found in China, it found the chromosome counts.[14]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[13] It has a chromosome count: 2n=26.[4][14]

Taxonomy

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It is written as 锐果鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as rui guo yuan wei in Pidgin.[5][15][16]

It has the common name of angular-fruit iris in China.[15]

It is known as ko tha o pa and dkar po cig thub in Tibet.[17]

The Latin specific epithet goniocarpa refers to the Greek word 'goniocarpa' with angular fruits [18] Also used by Eucalyptus goniocarpa, Hippophae goniocarpa and Psychotria goniocarpa.

A specimen was found in China, in 1873 by Mr. N.M. Przewalski and then given to Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh herbarium collection.[19]

It was first published and described by Baker in Gardeners' Chronicle (Gard. Chron.) Vol.6 page 710 in 1876.[5][15][20]

It was later published in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society Vol.42 Issue1 on page 79 in October 1916.[9]

An albino form of the iris, was found by Farrer in Western China, although there is a great deal of variation in the species.[3]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, and then updated on 2 December 2004.[15]

Iris goniocarpa is an accepted name by the RHS and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2011.[21]

Distribution and habitat

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Iris goniocarpa is native to temperate and tropical Asia.[4][12][15]

Range

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It is found within China,[4][10][19] in many Provinces of China, (including Guangxi (Gansu), Hubei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang (also referred to as Tibet,[3][10][17])and Yunnan,[22]).[5][15] In Sichuan, it is found on 'Haizi Shan', part of the Daxue Mountains.[11] It is also found within tropical Asia, in India (including Sikkim,[2][3][8] and Nepal,[4][8][10]), Bhutan,[4] and Myanmar (also known as Burma).[5][15]

It is found on the slopes of the Himalayan mountains.[4][9][10]

Habitat

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It grows on alpine grasslands and meadows,[4][5][11] and in open forests of mountain valleys,[8] on granite soils.[11]

They can be found at an altitude of 2,700 to 5,500 m (8,900 to 18,000 ft) above sea level.[4][5][8]

Cultivation

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It is not hardy to in the UK, but can be grown in an alpine house or bulb frame.[2] It is hardy in Europe, but needs shelter from winter wetness.[4]

It can be grown in well-drained soils.[2][4] It is tolerant of different pH levels.[12]

It prefers positions in sun.[2][7][12]

It needs moisture during the spring but not at winter times. It also needs a dry summer period.[4]

It is thought to be best planted in September and October, to get blooms for the next year.[3]

Propagation

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It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. Original herbarium specimens were grown from seed.[3]

Hybrids and cultivars

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Iris goniocarpa has the following varieties; 'Felina', 'Goniocarpa Alpina', 'Goniocarpa Pratensis', 'Pardaline', 'Tenella'.[9]

Note, Iris goniocarpa var. grossa Y.T.Zhao is classified as a synonym of Iris cuniculiformis [23]

Uses

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It is used in native Tibetan folk medicine.[17]

References

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  1. ^ "Iris goniocarpa Baker is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia". irisbotanique.com. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "FOC Vol. 24 Page 311". efloras (Flora of China). Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  6. ^ a b c "Iris goniocarpa". degentiaan.com. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris goniocarpa". hessenhof.nl. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Taggart, Peter (7 March 2010). "Iris goniocarpa". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Franco, Alain (5 December 2013). "(SPEC) Iris goniocarpa Baker". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  11. ^ a b c d Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide, p. 319, at Google Books
  12. ^ a b c d "Iris goniocarpa". lumen.fr. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  13. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306.
  14. ^ a b Yu, Xiao-Fang; Zhang, Hai-Qing; Yuan, Ming; Zhou, Yong-Hong (2009). "Karyotype studies on ten Iris species (Iridaceae) from Sichuan, China" (PDF). Caryologia. 62 (3): 253–260. doi:10.1080/00087114.2004.10589690. S2CID 83329044. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris goniocarpa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  16. ^ "Iris goniocarpa Baker". tropicos.org (Tropicos). Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  17. ^ a b c Dr Pasang Yonten Arya (compiler) Dictionary of Tibetan Materia Medica (1998), p. 7, at Google Books
  18. ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 192, at Google Books
  19. ^ a b "Filed as Iris goniocarpa Baker [family IRIDACEAE]". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 25 July 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ "Gard. Chron., n.s., 6: 710 (1876)". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  21. ^ "Iris goniocarpa". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  22. ^ "Wildlife of Yunnan Part Four". robs-journeys.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  23. ^ "Iris cuniculiformis Noltie & K.Y.Guan is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2015.

Sources

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  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 67.
  • Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
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