Juan Tepano

Juan Tepano
Tepano in 1915
Born(1867-03-04)March 4, 1867
DiedNovember 8, 1947(1947-11-08) (aged 80)
Parents

Juan Tepano Rano ʻa Veri ʻAmo[1] (4 March 1867 – 8 November 1947) was a Rapa Nui leader of Easter Island. He served as an informant for Euro-American scholars on the culture and history of the island.

Family

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He was born on 4 March 1867[a] and was of full-blood Rapa Nui descent.[4][5] His father was Iovani Rano.[6][7] He was raised by his grandmother (sometimes referred to as his mother) Viriamo, who was born in 1830 and still remembered when the islanders were able to recite the Rongorongo script.[1][2][2][8]

Originally named Tepano Rano, he later adopted Juan (what he was called while he was in Chile) as a first name and used his baptismal name Tepano (Stephen) as his surname.[9][b] He was from the Tupahotu clan while his grandmother was of the Ureohei clan.[13]

Juan Tepano, his wife María ‘Aifiti Engepito Ika Tetono, and their son

Tepano married María ‘Aifiti Engepito Ika Tetono, daughter of King Enrique Ika (r. 1900) and a member of the Miru clan.[14][15]

In Chile

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Tepano accompanied the last Rapa Nui king Simeon Riro Kāinga to Valparaíso in late 1898 or early 1899 to air his grievances against the Enrique Merlet company, which owned much of the land with the Chilean government who had annexed Easter Island. He and two other Rapa Nui soldiers were traveling to Chile to join the Maipo Regiment of the Chilean Army. The delegation was hosted by Merlet's men Jeffries and Alfredo Rodríguez at a local tavern, where the king was induced to drink heavily. The king was invited to lodge with Rodríguez while the soldiers went to their barracks. On the following day, they were informed that the king had been sent to a hospital and died of alcohol poisoning. Merlet claimed that the young king drank himself to death, while Rapa Nui oral tradition asserts that he was poisoned on the orders of Merlet while he was at the hospital.[16][17][18][19]

American anthropologist Grant McCall cast doubt on his military service, writing: "There is a nonsense story that he served in the Maipo regiment of the Chilean army in the War of the Pacific."[5]

Later life

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Juan Tepano sitting beside a broken moai at Ahu Tongariki

By 1901, Tepano had returned to Easter Island after serving in the Chilean Army. He was appointed by Henry Percy Edmunds, the company's manager and Chile's colonial subdelegado marítimo, as cacique, or village head in 1902. He would become the mediator for the indigenous community at Hanga Roa and the company's base at Mataveri.[16][20] Officers of the Chilean Naval corvette Baquedano later attempted to proclaim him "king" in April 1911, but none of the islanders – including Tepano himself – took the ceremony seriously.[21][22]

Tepano served as one of the informants and translator for the English anthropologist Katherine Routledge during her 1914–1915 Mana Expedition to Easter Island.[23][24] He had a grasp of pidgin English and spoke a mixture of Spanish, English, Tahitian, and Rapa Nui. Routledge tried to learn Rongorongo from Tepano and the older islanders, but Tepano later admitted he had no knowledge of it while most of the other older residents had only secondhand knowledge of the mysterious script. It was noted that he had difficulty understanding Old Rapa Nui (the uncontaminated language spoken by the older generation) as well.[25][26][27]

He also served as one of the informants for the Swiss anthropologist Alfred Métraux, who visited the island between 1934 and 1935.[28]

Tepano died on 8 November 1947,[a] at the age of 80.[5]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b An alternative claim stated he was born in 1872 and died in 1938.[2][3]
  2. ^ Another Easter Islander by the name of Tepano has been inaccurately identified with him, although this individual lived on Tahiti and possessed facial tattoos which were studied by Swedish ethnographer Hjalmar Stolpe in the 1880s during the Vanadis expedition. They were both named after Bishop of Tahiti Tepano Jaussen.[10][11][12]

References

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  1. ^ a b Fischer 2005, p. 144.
  2. ^ a b c Fischer 1997, pp. 132–133.
  3. ^ Fischer 2005, pp. 144, 189.
  4. ^ Routledge 1919, p. 214.
  5. ^ a b c Van Tilburg 2003, p. 285.
  6. ^ Van Tilburg 2003, p. 129.
  7. ^ Englert 2004, p. 52.
  8. ^ Pelta 2001, p. 104.
  9. ^ Fischer 2005, p. 154.
  10. ^ Stolpe 1899, pp. 1–13.
  11. ^ Krutak 2007, pp. 114–124.
  12. ^ Kaeppler 2001, p. 38.
  13. ^ Routledge 1919, pp. 212–214.
  14. ^ Pakarati 2015a, pp. 9–10, 16.
  15. ^ Pakarati 2015b, pp. 3–14.
  16. ^ a b Gonschor 2008, pp. 66–70.
  17. ^ Fischer 2005, pp. 152–154.
  18. ^ McCall 1997, pp. 115–116.
  19. ^ "Riro ʻa Kāinga". Moe Varua Rapa Nui. May 2010. pp. 5–8. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  20. ^ Fischer 2005, p. 155.
  21. ^ Métraux 1937, p. 43.
  22. ^ Fischer 2005, p. 162.
  23. ^ Van Tilburg 2003, pp. 115, 133, 137, 139, 148, 171–172, 175, 182–184, 196, 226, 232, 239.
  24. ^ Fischer 1997, pp. 125–139.
  25. ^ Routledge 1919, p. 213.
  26. ^ Fischer 1997, p. 123.
  27. ^ Pelta 2001, p. 65.
  28. ^ Métraux 1937, pp. 41–62.

Bibliography

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