Lac Île-à-la-Crosse

Lac Île-à-la-Crosse
NASA map showing Lac Île-à-la-Crosse[1]
Lac Île-à-la-Crosse Location in Saskatchewan Show map of Saskatchewan Lac Île-à-la-Crosse Lac Île-à-la-Crosse (Canada) Show map of Canada
Location	Northern Saskatchewan Administration District
Coordinates	55°26′40″N 107°50′55″W / 55.44444°N 107.84861°W / 55.44444; -107.84861
Lake type	Glacial lake
Etymology	Lacrosse
Primary inflows	Churchill River Beaver River
Primary outflows	Churchill River
Basin countries	Canada
Surface area	46,737.5 ha (115,491 acres)
Max. depth	31.1 m (102 ft)
Shore length1	1,151.3 km (715.4 mi)
Islands	Big Island Fidlers Island Ile aux Trembles
Settlements	Île-à-la-Crosse Patuanak
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lac Île-à-la-Crosse^[2] is a Y-shaped lake in the north-central region of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan along the course of the Churchill River. At the centre of the "Y" is the town of Île-à-la-Crosse, the second oldest town in Saskatchewan. Situated at the confluence of the Churchill and Beaver Rivers, the lake was an important fur trading centre in the 18th and 19th centuries. The lake, and the community of Île-à-la-Crosse, are named after the game of Lacrosse as French voyageurs had witnessed local Indians playing the game on an island in the lake.

Lac Île-à-la-Crosse is reached from the south by Highway 155, which follows the Beaver River. On the north side of the mouth of the Beaver River is the Île-à-la-Crosse Indian reserve. On the south side is Fort Black,^[3] the site of a former Northwest Trading Company Post.^[4] Highway 918 runs along the eastern shore and provides access to Patuanak and the Wapachewunak Indian reserve. The community of Île-à-la-Crosse is reached from Highway 908.^[5] There are two airports — Île-à-la-Crosse Airport and Patuanak Airport — on the lake's shores.^[6] Around the lake there are recreational opportunities such as camping, boating, swimming, and fishing.

The Churchill River exits the north-east arm of Lac Île-à-la-Crosse and flows east to Hudson Bay through a series of lakes. The Churchill enters the lake at the north-west arm, which is called the Aubichon Arm or Deep River. Upstream, the Churchill River leads north-west to Athabasca Country passing through Churchill Lake, Peter Pond Lake, Lac La Loche and then on to the Methye Portage, which leads to Lake Athabasca.^[7]

The Beaver River flows into Lac Île-à-la-Crosse from the south and enters on the east-central side. The headwaters of the Beaver are south-west between the upper Athabasca River and the upper North Saskatchewan River in the Lac la Biche area in Alberta.^[8]

Given its strategic location, it was a natural stop for early canoe trade routes. Once trade was developed, pemmican was carried up the Beaver River from the buffalo country on the North Saskatchewan. In 1767 Louis Primeau, in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, was reported on the Beaver River which means he must have passed through the lake. In 1776 Primeau, working for Thomas Frobisher of Montreal, built a post on the lake.^[9]

In 1776-77, Peter Pond wintered here as did Thomas Frobisher. Around 1786, the Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie, working for Gregory & McLeod, competed with Patrick Small of the North West Company (NWC).^[9] In 1787, William McGillivray was a clerk here. In 1782-85, there were three groups of independent traders but, by 1789, they were consolidated into the NWC. Around 1790, McGillivray managed the Churchill River Department of the NWC from here. Here, in 1799, David Thompson married a thirteen or fourteen-year-old Métis daughter of Patrick Small. Unlike most "country marriages" this lasted until his death.^[10]

William Linklater of the HBC built a post in 1799. Peter Skene Ogden and Samuel Black of the NWC harassed it. In spring 1811, Peter Fidler was forced to abandon it and the Nor'westers burnt it to the ground. In 1814, the HBC built a new post at a different location. In 1817 or 1818, the NWC built a fence around it. The HBC built a third time and called its post Fort Superior. The two companies were merged in 1821. By around 1980, there was still an HBC warehouse. Most of the posts were located near the town of Île-à-la-Crosse, but either the NWC or the XY Company seems to have had a place on the west side of the mouth of the Beaver River.^[9][11]

Ile a la Crosse War Veterans Park Campground, also known as Lac Île-à-la-Crosse (South Bay) Recreation Site (55°21′21″N 107°52′03″W / 55.3559°N 107.8676°W / 55.3559; -107.8676),^[12] is a provincial recreation site situated on the western shore of Lac Île-à-la-Crosse's South Bay. The park has 22 free, un-serviced campsites, two sandy beaches, a floating dock, and a boat launch. Access is from Highway 155.^[13][14]

Farther north along South Bay's western Shore, and also accessed from Highway 155, is Pemmican Lodge. It has lake access, three cabins, and a campground.^[15] Adjacent to the community of Île-à-la-Crosse is Northern Eagle Resort. It has a self-contained guest house, camping, and a boat launch.^[16] On the eastern shore of Lac Île-à-la-Crosse, is Bearadise Bay Wilderness Camp. It is an outfitters and a "wilderness adventure camp focusing on bear hunting, fishing and wilderness experience".^[17] Access is from Highway 918.^[18]

Fish commonly found in Lac Île-à-la-Crosse include burbot, cisco, lake trout, lake whitefish, longnose sucker, northern pike, walleye, white sucker, and yellow perch.^[19]

• List of lakes of Saskatchewan

• Elizabeth Browne Losey, Let Them be Remembered: The Story of the Fur Trade Forts, 1999
• Arthur Morton, A History of Western Canada, no date (1940?)

• Île-à-la-Crosse, the Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
• Memories Of Deep River