European river lamprey

European river lamprey
European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) in the Pirita, Estonia
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Petromyzontida
Order:	Petromyzontiformes
Family:	Petromyzontidae
Genus:	Lampetra
Species:	L. fluviatilis
Binomial name
Lampetra fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms[2][3]
Petromyzon fluviatilis Linnaeus 1758 Petromyzon prickus Lacepède 1798 Petromyzon branchialis Linnaeus 1758 Ammocoetus branchialis (Linnaeus 1758) Petromyzon argenteus Bloch 1795 non Kirtland 1838 Petromyzon sanguisugus Lacepède 1800 Petromyzon jurae MacCulloch 1819 ?Petromyzon macrops Blainville 1825 Ammocoetes communis Gistel 1848 Petromyzon omalii Beneden 1857 Petromyzon fluviatilis m. major Smitt 1895 Lampetra opisthodon Gratzianov 1907 Lampetra fluviatilis f. typica Berg 1931 Lampetra fluviatilis f. praecox Berg 1932 Lampetra fluviatilis m. ladogensis Ivanova-Berg 1966

The European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), also known as the river lamprey or lampern, is a species of freshwater lamprey.

Adult river lampreys measure from 25 to 40 cm (10 to 16 in) for the sea-going forms and up to 28 cm (11 in) for the lake forms. The very elongate body is a uniform dark grey above, lightening to yellowish off-white on the sides and pure white below. Like all lampreys, these fish lack paired fins and possess a circular sucking disc instead of jaws. They have a single nostril and seven small gill slits on either side behind the eye. The teeth are sharp and these fish can be told from the rather smaller brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri) by the fact that the two dorsal fins are more widely separated.^[4]

The European river lamprey is found in coastal waters around almost all of Europe from the north-west Mediterranean Sea north to the lakes of Finland, Scotland, Norway (Mjøsa), Wales (Cors Caron), and Russia, including rivers in the Alps; especially in Nakkila, Finland and Latvian coastal towns such as Carnikava, Salacgrīva and Pāvilosta European river lampreys are a traditional local delicacy.^[5][6]

Initially, in 1996, its conservation status was rated "near threatened" but since 2008 it has been rated as being of "least concern" following recovery of populations after pollution problems in central and western Europe.^[1] An assessment for the Baltic Sea published in 2014, however, classified the river lamprey as Near Threatened in this region.^[7] In August 2018, Spain declared it officially extinct in its territory.^[8]

Like many lampreys, this species feeds as an ectoparasite and parasite of fish. It clings on to the flanks or gills of the fish with its sucker and rasps at the tissues below.^[4]

River lampreys belong to the same genus as brook lamprey and are thought to be very closely related. Current thinking suggests that European brook and river lampreys are a paired species, which means the river lamprey represents the anadromous (seagoing) form of the resident brook lamprey. However, this is an area that is still being actively researched.^[9]

The European river lamprey has a reproduction cycle similar to that of salmon. River lampreys migrate upstream from the sea to spawning grounds in autumn and winter.^[10][11][12] Spawning activity is greatest in the springtime (like the brook lamprey) and after spawning, the adults die. The young larvae, known as ammocoetes, spend several years in soft sediment before migrating to the sea as adults. It is thought that these fish spend two to three years in marine habitats before making the return trip to spawn.^[4]

As ammocoetes, identification of these animals beyond genus level (Lampetra) is difficult because of their close similarity to brook lamprey. They average 30 cm in length as adults, and some may be considerably smaller (20 cm), but in each case they are distinctly larger than adult brook lamprey (12–14 cm). They are generally 150 g in mass, and their maximum life span is roughly 10 years.^[13]

• 
  Mouth of a river lamprey
• 
  Top view

• Lamprey pie

Goodwin, C. E.; Dick, J. T. A.; Rogowski, D. L.; Elwood, R. W. (December 2008). "Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis and Lampetra planeri) ammocoete habitat associations at regional, catchment and microhabitat scales in Northern Ireland". Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 17 (4): 542–553. Bibcode:2008EcoFF..17..542G. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2008.00305.x.