Tombonuwo language

Tombonuo
Tombonuo
Lobu · Mutangar Tombonuo
Native to	Malaysia
Region	Sabah
Ethnicity	Tambanuo
Native speakers	10,000 (2000); 3,000 Lingkabau (2003)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian North Bornean Southwest Sabahan Paitanic Tombonuo; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Lingkabau;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	txa
Glottolog	tomb1244

Tombonuwo (Tambonuo) is a Paitanic language spoken in the Pitas and Labuk-Sugut Districts of northwest Sabah, Malaysia.^[2]^[3]

Phonology^[4]

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p b	t̪	d		k g	ʔ
Fricative			s
Affricate				dʒ
Nasal	m		n		ŋ
Lateral			l
Tap			ɾ
Semi-vowel	w			j

The phonemes /p, t, k, s, ʔ/ are voiceless. All other expressions are voiced.

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Non-high	a	o

/o/ is often pronounced as unrounded [ʌ].

/a/ is neutralized to [ʌ] in a pre-stressed syllable.

Morphology

Focus

Sabahan languages are characterized by "focus" morphology, which marks a syntactic relationship between the predicate of a clause and the "focused" noun phrase of the clause^[5] (see Austronesian alignment).

Tombonuwo has four focus categories, conventionally labelled "actor", "patient", "referent" and "theme".^[6] Focus is marked by affixation on the verb.

Actor: -um- / m(u)-
Patient: -on (Present tense) / -∅ (Past tense)
Referent: -an
Theme: i-

Tense and aspect^[6]

The only marked tense in Tombonuwo is past tense.

Past tense: n- (-in-)
Stative: o-
Perfective: ko-
Non-volitional past tense: n-o-
Accomplishment: n-o-ko-

Demonstratives^[6]

Near the speaker: itu
Far from the speaker: iri
Medium distance from the speaker: ono

References

^ ^a ^b Tombonuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ King, Julie (1984). The Paitanic language family. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 146. ISBN 0858832976. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Lobel, Jason William (2013). Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping and reconstruction (PDF) (PHD dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawai'i. p. 370.
^ King, John Wayne (1993). Tombonuwo phonemics. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museum. pp. 97–106. ISBN 9789839638059. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Boutin, Michael (1988). Problems in analyzing focus in the languages of Sabah. Dallas: SIL. p. 54. ISBN 0883122146. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c King, John Wayne; Levinsohn, Stephen (1991). Participant reference in Tombonuo. Canberra: Australian National University. p. 76. ISBN 0-85883-406-5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

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[e18-1] Tombonuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] King, Julie (1984). The Paitanic language family. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 146. ISBN 0858832976. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[3] Lobel, Jason William (2013). Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping and reconstruction (PDF) (PHD dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawai'i. p. 370.

[4] King, John Wayne (1993). Tombonuwo phonemics. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museum. pp. 97–106. ISBN 9789839638059. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[5] Boutin, Michael (1988). Problems in analyzing focus in the languages of Sabah. Dallas: SIL. p. 54. ISBN 0883122146. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[:0-6] King, John Wayne; Levinsohn, Stephen (1991). Participant reference in Tombonuo. Canberra: Australian National University. p. 76. ISBN 0-85883-406-5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

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