List of English words of Welsh origin

This is a list of English language words of Welsh language origin. As with the Goidelic languages, the Brythonic tongues are close enough for possible derivations from Cumbric, Cornish or Breton in some cases.

Beyond the acquisition of common nouns, there are numerous English toponyms, surnames, personal names or nicknames derived from Welsh (see Celtic toponymy, Celtic onomastics).^[1]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)

bara brith

speckled bread. Traditional Welsh bread flavoured with tea, dried fruits and mixed spices.

bard

from Old Celtic bardos, either through Welsh bardd (where the bard was highly respected) or Scottish bardis (where it was a term of contempt); Cornish bardh

cawl

a traditional Welsh soup/stew; Cornish kowl

coracle

from corwgl. This Welsh term was derived from the Latin corium meaning "leather or hide", the material from which coracles are made.^[2]

corgi

from cor, "dwarf" + gi (soft mutation of ci), "dog".

cwm

(very specific geographic sense today) or coomb/combe (dated). Cornish; komm; passed into Old English where sometimes written 'cumb'

flannel

the Oxford English Dictionary says the etymology is "uncertain", but Welsh gwlanen = "flannel wool" is likely. An alternative source is Old French flaine, "blanket". The word has been adopted in most European languages. An earlier English form was flannen, which supports the Welsh etymology. Shakspeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor contains the term "the Welsh flannel".^[3][4]

flummery

from llymru^[3][4]

pikelet

a type of small, thick pancake. Derived from the Welsh bara pyglyd, meaning "pitchy [i.e. dark or sticky] bread", later shortened simply to pyglyd;^[5][6] The early 17th century lexicographer, Randle Cotgrave, spoke of "our Welsh barrapycleds".^[7][8] The word spread initially to the West Midlands of England,^[9] where it was anglicised to picklets and then to pikelets.^[8] The first recognisable crumpet-type recipe was for picklets, published in 1769 by Elizabeth Raffald in The Experienced English Housekeeper.^[10]

wrasse

a kind of sea fish (derived via Cornish wrach, Welsh gwrach (meaning hag or witch)).^[11]

cist

(archaeological) a stone-lined coffin

cromlech

from crom llech literally "crooked flat stone"

crwth

"a bowed lyre"

kistvaen

from cist (chest) and maen (stone).

lech /lɛk/

capstone of a cromlech, see above^[12]

tref

meaning “hamlet, home, town.”;^[13] Cornish tre.

Similar cognates across Goidelic (gaelic), Latin, Old French and the other Brittonic families makes isolating a precise origin hard. This applies to cross from Latin crux, Old Irish cros overtaking Old English rood ; appearing in Welsh and Cornish as Croes, Krows. It complicates Old Welsh attributions for, in popular and technical topography, Tor (OW tŵr) and crag (Old Welsh carreg or craig) with competing Celtic derivations, direct and indirect, for the Old English antecedents.

coombe

meaning "valley", is usually linked with the Welsh cwm, also meaning "valley", Cornish and Breton komm. However, the OED traces both words back to an earlier Celtic word, *kumbos. It suggests a direct Old English derivation for "coombe".

(Coumba, or coumbo, is the common western-alpine vernacular word for "glen", and considered genuine gaulish (celtic-ligurian branch). Found in many toponyms of the western Alps like Coumboscuro (Grana valley), Bellecombe and Coumbafréide (Aoste), Combette (Suse), Coumbal dou Moulin (Valdensian valleys). Although seldom used, the word "combe" is included into major standard-french dictionaries. This could justify the celtic origin thesis).^{[citation needed]}

crumpet

Welsh crempog, cramwyth, Cornish krampoeth or Breton Krampouezh; 'little hearth cakes'

druid

From the Old Celtic derwijes/derwos ("true knowledge" or literally "they who know the oak") from which the modern Welsh word derwydd evolved, but travelled to English through Latin (druidae) and French (druide)

gull

from either Welsh or Cornish;^[14] Welsh gwylan, Cornish guilan, Breton goelann; all from O.Celt. *voilenno- "gull" (OE mæw)

penguin

possibly from pen gwyn, "white head". "The fact that the penguin has a black head is no serious objection."^[3][4] It may also be derived from the Breton language, or the Cornish Language, which are all closely related. However, dictionaries suggest the derivation is from Welsh pen "head" and gwyn "white", including the Oxford English Dictionary,^[15] the American Heritage Dictionary,^[16] the Century Dictionary^[17] and Merriam-Webster,^[18] on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk, which had white spots in front of its eyes (although its head was black). Pen gwyn is identical in Cornish and in Breton. An alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis, which means "fat". In Dutch, the alternative word for penguin is "fat-goose" (vetgans see: Dutch wiki or dictionaries under Pinguïn), and would indicate this bird received its name from its appearance.

Mither

An English word possibly from the Welsh word "moedro" meaning to bother or pester someone. Possible links to the Yorkshire variant "moither"

These are the words widely used by Welsh English speakers, with little or no Welsh, and are used with original spelling (largely used in Wales but less often by others when referring to Wales):

afon

river

awdl

ode

bach

literally "small", a term of affection

cromlech

defined at esoteric/specialist terms section above

cwm

a valley

crwth

originally meaning "swelling" or "pregnant"

cwrw

Welsh ale or beer

cwtch

hug, cuddle, small cupboard, dog's kennel/bed^[19]

cynghanedd

eisteddfod

broad cultural festival, "session/sitting" from eistedd "to sit" (from sedd "seat," cognate with L. sedere; see sedentary) + bod "to be" (cognate with O.E. beon; see be).^[20]

Urdd Eisteddfod (in Welsh "Eisteddfod Yr Urdd"), the youth Eisteddfod

englyn

gorsedd

hiraeth

homesickness tinged with grief or sadness over the lost or departed. It is a mix of longing, yearning, nostalgia, wistfulness, or an earnest desire.

hwyl

iechyd da

cheers, or literally "good health"

mochyn

pig

nant

stream

sglod, sglods

latter contrasts to Welsh plural which is sglodion. Chips (England); fries (United States); french-fried potatoes such as from takeaways (used in Flintshire)

twp/dwp

idiotic, daft

ych â fi

an expression of disgust

Look up Category:English terms derived from Welsh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up Appendix:Glossary of Welsh Words of English Origin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Lists of English words of Celtic origin
  • List of English words of Brittonic origin
• Brittonicisms in English

• Oxford English Dictionary