List of fishes of West Virginia
The state of West Virginia has a wide variety of freshwater fish species in its rivers, lakes, and streams. 20% of these species are sportfish, and the remaining 80% are nongame species.[1]
The taxa
[edit]The following letters indicate the river systems that contain each species:
O | Ohio River Basin | Includes the Ohio, Monongahela, Little Kanawha, Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy Rivers. |
N | New River Basin | Includes the New and Gauley Rivers. |
P | Potomac River Basin | Includes the Potomac River. |
J | James River Basin | Includes the James |
In addition, the IUCN classifies one of these species as critically endangered CR, one as endangered EN, five as vulnerable VU, and three as near-threatened NT.
Order Petromyzontiformes (lampreys)
[edit]Family Petromyzontidae (northern lampreys)
- Ohio lamprey (Ichthyomyzon bdellium) O, rare
- Northern brook lamprey (Ichthyomyzon fossor) O, rare
- Mountain brook lamprey (Ichthyomyzon greeleyi) O, rare
- Silver lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) O, rare
- Least brook lamprey (Lampetra aepyptera) O,N
- American brook lamprey (Lethenteron appendix) O, rare
Order Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish)
[edit]Family Acipenseridae (sturgeons)
- Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) O, extinct in West Virginia
- Shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) O, VU[2]
Family Polyodontidae (paddlefishes)
- American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) O, rare, VU[3]
Order Lepisosteiformes (gars)
[edit]Family Lepisosteidae (gars)
- Longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) O
Order Amiiformes (bowfin)
[edit]Family Amiidae (bowfin)
- Bowfin (Amia calva) O, rare
Order Hiodontiformes (mooneyes)
[edit]Family Hiodontidae (mooneyes)
Order Anguilliformes (eels)
[edit]Family Anguillidae (freshwater eels)
- American eel (Anguilla rostrata) O,N,P, EN[4]
Order Clupeiformes (herrings and relatives)
[edit]Family Clupeidae (herrings, shads, and relatives)
- Skipjack shad (Alosa chrysochloris) O
- Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) O,N,P
- American gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) O
- Threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) O
Order Cypriniformes (carps, minnows, and relatives)
[edit]Family Cyprinidae (carps, true minnows, and relatives)
- Central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) O,N,P,J
- Goldfish (Carassius auratus) O,N,P, introduced
- Redside dace (Clinostomus elongatus) O, rare
- Rosyside dace (Clinostomus funduloides) O,N,P,J
- Satinfin shiner (Cyprinella analostana) P, rare
- Whitetail shiner (Cyprinella galactura) O,N
- Spotfin shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera) O,N,P
- Steelcolor shiner (Cyprinella whipplei) O
- Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) O,N,P, introduced, VU[5]
- Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) O,N,P
- Bighead carp (Hypopthalmichthys nobilis) O
- Streamline chub (Erimystax dissimilis) O,N
- Tonguetied minnow (Exoglossum laurae) O,N, rare
- Cutlips minnow (Exoglossum maxillingua) N,P,J
- Eastern silvery minnow (Hybognathus regius) P, rare
- Mississippi silvery minnow (Hybognathus nuchalis) O, extinct in West Virginia
- Bigeye chub (Hybopsis amblops) O
- White shiner (Luxilus albeolus) O,N
- Striped shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus) O,N,P
- Common shiner (Luxilus cornutus) O,P,J
- Rosefin shiner (Lythrurus ardens) J, rare
- Scarlet shiner (Lythrurus fasciolaris) O, rare
- Redfin shiner (Lythrurus umbratilis) O
- Shoal chub (Macrhybopsis hyostoma) O
- Silver chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana) O
- Allegheny pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) O,P, rare
- Hornyhead chub (Nocomis biguttatus) O, extinct in West Virginia
- Bluehead chub (Nocomis leptocephalus) N,P,J
- River chub (Nocomis micropogon) O,P,J
- Bigmouth chub (Nocomis platyrhynchus) N
- Golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) O,N,P,J
- Comely shiner (Notropis amoenus) P
- Popeye shiner (Notropis ariommus) O, rare
- Emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) O,N,P
- River shiner (Notropis blennius) O
- Bigeye shiner (Notropis boops) O, rare
- Ghost shiner (Notropis buchanani) O
- Bigmouth shiner (Notropis dorsalis) O, extinct in West Virginia
- Spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius) O,N,P
- Sand shiner (Notropis stramineus) O,N
- Silver shiner (Notropis photogenis) O,N
- Swallowtail shiner (Notropis procne) P
- Rosyface shiner (Notropis rubellus) O,N,P,J
- New River shiner (Notropis scabriceps) N, rare
- Telescope shiner (Notropis telescopus) O,N,J
- Mimic shiner (Notropis volucellus) O,N,P
- Channel shiner (Notropis wickliffi) O
- Silverjaw minnow (Ericymba buccata) O,N,P
- Pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) O, extinct in West Virginia
- Suckermouth minnow (Phenacobius mirabilis) O
- Kanawha minnow (Phenacobius teretulus) N, rare
- Southern redbelly dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster) O
- Mountain redbelly dace (Chrosomus oreas) O,N,J
- Bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) O,N,P
- Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) O,N,P
- Bullhead minnow (Pimephales vigilax) O, rare
- Eastern blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) O,P,J
- Western blacknose dace (Rhinichthys obtusus) O,N
- Cheat minnow (Pararhinichthys bowersi) O, rare
- Longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) O,N,P,J
- Common rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) N
- Creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) O,N,P,J
- Fallfish (Semotilus corporalis) P
Family Catostomidae (suckers)
- River carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio) O
- Quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus) O
- Highfin carpsucker (Carpiodes velifer) O, rare
- Longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) O, extinct in West Virginia
- White sucker (Catostomus commersonii) O,N,P,J
- Blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus) O, rare
- Creek chubsucker (Erimyzon oblongus) P
- Northern hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans) O,N,P,J
- Smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) O
- Bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) O, rare
- Black buffalo (Ictiobus niger) O, rare
- Spotted sucker (Minytrema melanops) O
- Silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum) O
- River redhorse (Moxostoma carinatum) O
- Black redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei) O
- Golden redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum) O,N,P
- Smallmouth redhorse (Moxostoma breviceps) O
- Shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) P, rare
- Torrent sucker (Thoburnia rhothoeca) N,P
Order Siluriformes (catfishes)
[edit]Family Ictaluridae (ictalurid catfishes)
- White bullhead (Ameiurus catus) O
- Black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) O,N
- Yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis) O,N,P
- Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) O,N,P
- Blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) O
- Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) O,N,P
- Mountain madtom (Noturus eleutherus) O, rare
- Stonecat (Noturus flavus) O,N
- Margined madtom (Noturus insignis) O,N,P,J
- Brindled madtom (Noturus miurus) O
- Northern madtom (Noturus stigmosus) O, rare, NT[6]
- Flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) O,N
Order Esociformes (pikes and mudminnows)
[edit]Family Esocidae (pikes)
- Redfin pickerel (Esox a. americanus) O,P, rare
- Grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) O, rare
- Northern pike (Esox lucius) O,P
- Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) O,N,P
- Tiger muskellunge (Esox masquinongy x lucius) O,N,P
- Chain pickerel (Esox niger) O,N,P
Family Umbridae (mudminnows)
- Central mudminnow (Umbra limi) O
Order Salmoniformes (trout)
[edit]Family Salmonidae (trout)
- Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) P, introduced
- Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) O,N,P,J, introduced
- Brown trout (Salmo trutta) O,N,J,P, introduced
- Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) O,N,J,P
Order Percopsiformes (trout-perch)
[edit]Family Percopsidae (trout-perch)
- Trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) O
Order Cyprinodontiformes (toothcarps)
[edit]Family Fundulidae (topminnows)
- Northern studfish (Fundulus catenatus) O
- Banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) O,P, rare
- Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) P
Family Poeciliidae (livebearers)
- Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) O,N,P
Order Atheriniformes (silversides)
[edit]Family Atherinopsidae (neotropical silversides)
- Brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus) O,N,P
Order Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks)
[edit]Family Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks)
- Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) O
Order Scorpaeniformes (mail-cheeked fishes)
[edit]Family Cottidae (sculpins)
- Mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) O,N,J
- Blue Ridge sculpin (Cottus caeruleomentum) P,J
- Slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) P, rare
- Potomac sculpin (Cottus girardi) P
- Kanawha sculpin (Cottus kanawhae) N, rare
- Bluestone sculpin (Cottus sp.) N
Order Perciformes (sunfishes and perches)
[edit]Family Moronidae (temperate basses)
- White perch (Morone americana) O
- White bass (Morone chrysops) O,N
- Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) O,N
- Hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x saxatilis) O
Family Centrarchidae (sunfishes)
- Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) O,N,J,P
- Redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) O,N,J,P
- Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) O,N,J,P
- Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) O,N,J,P
- Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus) O,P
- Orangespotted sunfish (Lepomis humilis) O
- Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) O,N,J,P
- Longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) O,N,P
- Redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) O
- Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) O,N,J,P
- Spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) O,N
- Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) O,N,J,P
- White crappie (Pomoxis annularis) O,N,P
- Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) O,N,P
Family Percidae (perches, darters, and relatives)
- Eastern sand darter (Ammocrypta pellucida) O
- Western sand darter (Ammocrypta clara) O, rare, VU[7]
- Diamond darter (Crystallaria cincotta) O, rare, CR[8]
- Greenside darter (Etheostoma blennioides) O,N,P
- Rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) O,N,P
- Bluebreast darter (Etheostoma camurum) O
- Fantail darter (Etheostoma flabellare) O,N,P,J
- Longfin darter (Etheostoma longimanum) J, rare
- Spotted darter (Etheostoma maculatum) O, rare, VU[9]
- Johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) O,N,J
- Tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi) P
- Candy darter (Etheostoma osburni) N, rare, NT[10]
- Snubnose darter (Etheostoma simoterum) N
- Tippecanoe darter (Etheostoma tippecanoe) O, NT[11]
- Variegate darter (Etheostoma variatum) O,N
- Banded darter (Etheostoma zonale) O
- Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) O,N,P
- Common logperch (Percina caprodes) O,N
- Channel darter (Percina copelandi) O
- Gilt darter (Percina evides) O, rare
- Appalachia darter (Percina gymnocephala) N, rare
- Longhead darter (Percina macrocephala) O, rare
- Blackside darter (Percina maculata) O,N
- Stripeback darter (Percina notogramma) J, rare
- Sharpnose darter (Percina oxyrhynchus) O,N
- Shield darter (Percina peltata) P
- Slenderhead darter (Percina phoxocephala) O
- Roanoke darter (Percina roanoka) N
- Dusky darter (Percina sciera) O
- River darter (Percina shumardi) O, rare
- Sauger (Sander canadensis) O
- Walleye (Sander vitreus) O,N,P
- Saugeye (Sander canadensis x vitreus) O
Family Sciaenidae (drums)
- Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) O
List of West Virginia fishes by spawning temperature
[edit]Graphical thermometer
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/fo267i0ma6rpnsxsnwrum59wkgvk20k.png)
Data table
[edit]Species | Lower bound temperature (C) | Lower bound temperature (F) | Upper bound temperature (C) | Upper bound temperature (F) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
13°[12] | 55°[12] | 18°[12] | 64°[12] | ||
16[13] | 60.8 | 21 | 70 | ||
16°[14] | 61°[14] | 19°[14] | 66°[14] | ||
18.9°[17] | 66°[17] | ||||
10° | 50° | ||||
20°[18] | 68°[18] | ||||
15°[19] | 59°[19] | ||||
16[20] | 61[20] | 26[20] | 79[20] | ||
19[21] | 66[21] | ||||
22.2[22] | 72[22] | Females in Canada have a wider range of preferred breeding temperatures.[23] | |||
16[24] | 19[24] | ||||
25.6 | 78.1 | ||||
81[25] | 37[25] | 99[25] | |||
18[27] | 64[27] | ||||
13°[28] | 55°[28] | 16°[28] | 60°[28] | ||
14[29] | 57[29] | 19[29] | 66[29] | ||
18.3 | 65 | 19.1 | 66.4 | ||
7 | 44.6 | 18 | 64.4 | ||
17 | 63 | ||||
12[30] | 53[30] | ||||
12[31] | 53.6[31] | 24[31] | 75.2[31] | ||
15 | 59 | ||||
13[32] | 55.4 | 26[32] | 78.8 | ||
19[33] | 66.2 | 24[33] | 75.2 | ||
12 [34] | 53.6 [34] | 19 [34] | 66.2 [34] | ||
11.7[35] | 53[35] | ||||
15 | 59 | 21 | 69.8 | ||
17[36] | 62.6[36] | 22[36] | 71.6[36] | ||
7[37] | 44.6[37] | 16[37] | 60.8[37] | ||
18.3[38] | 65[38] | 23.9[38] | 75[38] | ||
25 | 77 | ||||
23[39] | 73.4[39] | In Canada, the juveniles are found mainly in areas with a water temperature between 19.5 and 28 °C.[39] | |||
4[40] | 39[40] | 18.3[40] | 65[40] | ||
9[41] | 48[41] | ||||
13[42] | 55.4[42] | ||||
See also
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- West Virginia State Wildlife Center, a small zoo featuring native West Virginia animals
- Fauna of West Virginia
- List of West Virginia wildlife management areas
References
[edit]- ^ "Fishes of West Virginia: A Field Checklist" (PDF). West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ Surprenant, C. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) 2004. Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T19943A9111959. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19943/9111959. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ Grady, J. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) 2004. Polyodon spathula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T17938A7638243. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17938/7638243. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ Jacoby, D., Casselman, J., DeLucia, M. & Gollock, M. 2017. Anguilla rostrata (amended version of 2014 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T191108A121739077. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/191108/121739077. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Cyprinus carpio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T6181A12559362. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6181/12559362. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ NatureServe 2014. Noturus stigmosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202698A19035375. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202698/19035375. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ NatureServe 2014. Ammocrypta clara. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202428A2744621. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202428/2744621. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ NatureServe 2013. Crystallaria cincotta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T202435A15362696. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202435/15362696. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ NatureServe 2013. Etheostoma maculatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T8118A13370273. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8118/13370273. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ NatureServe 2014. Etheostoma osburni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T8124A13387979. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8124/13387979. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ NatureServe 2014. Etheostoma tippecanoe. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202545A18232256. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202545/18232256. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Lake Sturgeon Biology". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
- ^ Galat, David L., and Clark, Sandra J., 2002, Fish spawning and discharge-temperature coupling along the Missouri River: 6th Annual Missouri River Natural Resources Conference, Missouri River Science, p. 40.
- ^ a b c d University of Florida. "Bowfin". Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d Mandrak and Cudmore. 2004. Biological Synopsis of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c d Shireman, J.V. and C.R. Smith. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valentines, 1844). Food and Aquaculture Organization Synopsis. 135: 86pp.
- ^ a b "Mountain Brook Lamprey – NYS Dept. Of Environmental Conservation".
- ^ a b Netsh, Norval F., Arthur Witt Jr. (1962). Contributions to the Life History of the Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus) in Missouri. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 91(3):251-262.
- ^ a b "Smaller Unusual Fish Species That Anglers May Encounter – NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". dec.ny.gov. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Common Shiner (Notropis cornutus)". Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ a b Kinney, E. C. 1954. A life history of the silver chub, Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland), in western Lake Erie with notes on associated species. Diss. Abstr. 20(6): 19878-1980. vol 35. Part II. 30759.
- ^ a b Flittner, G.A. (1964). Morphometry and life history of the emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque (PhD diss.). Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- ^ Campbell, J. S.; MacCrimmon, H. R. (1970). "Biology of the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque in Lake Simcoe, Canada". Journal of Fish Biology. 2 (3): 259–273. Bibcode:1970JFBio...2..259C. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1970.tb03284.x.
- ^ a b McManamay RA, DJ Orth, CA Dolloff, and MA Cantrell. 2010. Gravel addition as a habitat zestoration technique for tailwaters. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 30.5:1238-1257.
- ^ a b c d Summerfelt, R. C., and C. O. Minckley. 1969. Aspects of the life history of the sand shiner, Notropis stramineus (Cope), in the Smokey Hill River, Kansas. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 3:444-453.
- ^ Platania, S. P. and C. S. Altenbach. 1998. Reproductive strategies and egg types of seven Rio Grande Basin cyprinids. Copeia 1998(3):559-569.
- ^ a b Smith, R. J. F. (1978). Seasonal changes in the histology of the gonads and dorsal skin of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56, 2103–2109.
- ^ a b c d Betty Wills (2004). "Paddlefish". Earthwave Society. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d Brazo, D.C., C.R. Liston and R.C. Anderson. 1978. "Life history of the Longnose dace, Rhinichthys catarace, in the surge zone of the eastern Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(4): 550-556.
- ^ a b "Species Profile: Blue Sucker, Cycleptus elongatus". Roughfish.com. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d Curry, Kevin D. and Spacie, Anne, "Differential Use of Stream Habitat by Spawning Catostomids." American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 111, No. 2 (April, 1984): 267-279
- ^ a b Lane, J.A., Portt, C.B. and Minns, C.K. 1996. Spawning habitat characteristics of Great Lake fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 2368: v-48.
- ^ a b Becker, G. C. 1983. The fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. 1052 pp.
- ^ a b c d "Spotted Sucker." Outdoor Alabama. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, n.d. Web. 17 November 2013.
- ^ a b Comtois, A. et al "The Spring Survey of a Multi-specific Spawning Ground: The Ichtyofauna of the Rapids of the Gatineau River, Quebec." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118.4 (2004): 521-529. Print
- ^ a b c d "golden redhorse Moxostoma erythrurum". Biology Department at Texas State University. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d Sule, M. J., Skelly, T. M. 1985. The life history of the shorthead redhorse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, in the Kankakee River Drainage, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey 85:123.
- ^ a b c d "White Catfish – Ictalurus catus". hrla.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009.
- ^ a b c DFO. 2012. Recovery potential assessment of Northern Madtom (Noturus stigmosus) in Canada. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2012/051
- ^ a b c d Wallus, R., T. Simon, B. Yaeger. 1990. Reproductive Biology and Early Life History of Fishes in the Ohio River Drainage. Volume 1: Acipenseridae through Esocidae. Chattanooga, Tennessee: Tennessee Valley Authority.
- ^ a b Frost, Winifred E.; Kipling, Charlotte (October 1967). "A Study of Reproduction, Early Life, Weight-Length Relationship and Growth of Pike, Esox lucius L., in Windermere". Journal of Animal Ecology. 36 (3): 651–693. Bibcode:1967JAnEc..36..651F. doi:10.2307/2820. JSTOR 2820.
- ^ a b Robinson, J. M., Jirka, K. J. and Chiotti, J. A. 2009. Age and growth analysis of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Applied Ichthyology 26:89-94.