List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia

Several stratigraphic units in Colombia have provided fossils. The richest formations are the Devonian Cuche and Floresta Formations, the Cretaceous Paja Formation, the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation and the Miocene La Venta site. The latter is the richest Konzentrat-Lagerstätte in northern South America and comprises the formations of the Honda Group.

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units

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Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

Age Formations Locations Departments Fossils Image Notes
Cenozoic Holocene Quaternary alluvium Yumbo
Turbaná
Valle del Cauca
Bolívar
Stegomastodon waringi
Curití Santander collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Cryptotis sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Mazama sp.
Pleistocene (Lujanian) Haplomastodon chimborazi
Late Pleistocene Sabana Fm. Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna Cundinamarca Cuvieronius hyodon, Equus amerhippus lasallei, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi
Soatá Fm. Soatá Boyacá Colombibos atactodontus, Haplomastodon waringi
Neochoerus sp., Odocoileus salinae
Middle Pleistocene Quipile Cundinamarca Megatherium sp.
Tocaima Cundinamarca Haplomastodon waringi
Pleistocene Rotinet Fm. Rotinet, Repelón Atlántico Haplomastodon waringi
Arboleda
El Remolino, Taminango
Nariño Haplomastodon sp.
Mercaderes Cauca Haplomastodon sp.
Toro Valle del Cauca Stegomastodon sp.
Medellín Antioquia Gomphotheriidae indet.
El Cocuy, Duitama, Sáchica, Socotá, Tunja, Villa de Leyva Boyacá Gomphotheriidae indet.
Salamina Caldas Gomphotheriidae indet.
Fusagasugá Cundinamarca Gomphotheriidae indet.
Carrizal, Uribia La Guajira Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja Huila Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cúcuta, Pamplona Norte de Santander Gomphotheriidae indet.
Agualinda, Lebrija
Vélez
Santander Gomphotheriidae indet.
Ibagué, Ortega Tolima Gomphotheriidae indet.
La Victoria, Zarzal Valle del Cauca Gomphotheriidae indet.
Cocha Verde, Taminango Nariño Selenogonus nariñoensis
Pliocene
Piacenzian Ware Fm.
(3.4-2.78 Ma)[22]
Cocinetas Basin La Guajira Chapalmalania sp., Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Tardigrada n. gen. & sp., Lestodontini n. gen. & sp., Cichlidae sp., Sciaenidae sp., Doradidae sp., Pimelodidae sp., Characidae sp., Cynodontidae sp., Serrasalmidae sp., Podocnemididae sp., Aves sp., Crocodylidae sp., Alligatoridae sp., Toxodontidae sp., Hydrochoeridae sp., Caviidae sp., Erethizontidae sp., Pampatheriidae sp., Megatheriidae sp., Glyptodontidae sp., Proterotheriidae sp., Camelidae sp., Myliobatidae sp., Pristidae sp., Carcharhinidae sp., Sphyrnidae sp., Megalonychidae n. gen. & sp., Mylodontidae n. gen. & sp., Scelidotheriinae n. gen. & sp.
Pliomegatherium lelongi, Nothrotherium sp.
Late Miocene Honda Gp.
 Cerbatana Mb.
La Venta Huila Geochelone hesterna
Serravallian
(Laventan)
Honda Gp.
 Villavieja Fm.
(17.0-12.1 Ma)[33]
 La Victoria Fm.
(13.82-12.38 Ma)[34]
La Venta Huila
Tolima
Lycopsis longirostrus
Dukecynus magnus
Huilatherium pluriplicatum
Granastrapotherium snorki
Hapalops sp.
Anachlysictis gracilis
Theosodon sp.
Hilarcotherium castanedaii
Purussaurus neivensis
Sebecus huilensis
Charactosuchus fieldsi
Chelus colombiana
Colombophis portai
Dracaena colombiana
(syn. Paradracaena colombiana)
?Eunectes stirtoni
Gryposuchus colombianus
Mourasuchus atopus
Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum, Hydrolycus sp., Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp., Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3, Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2, Potamotrygonidae
Sylviocarcinus piriformis
Hoazinoides magdalenae
Galbula hylochoreutes
Aramus paludigrus
Aotus dindensis
Nuciruptor rubricae
Stirtonia tatacoensis
(syn. Kondous laventicus)
Stirtonia victoriae
Hondadelphys fieldsi
Neotamandua borealis
Patasola magdalenae
Potamosiren magdalenensis
Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi
Cebupithecia sarmientoi
Lagonimico conclucatus
Micodon kiotensis
Miocallicebus villaviejai
Mohanamico hershkovitzi
Neosaimiri annectens
(syn. Laventiana annectens)
Neosaimiri fieldsi
Pachybiotherium minor
Micoureus laventicus
Thylamys colombianus
Thylamys minutus
Hondathentes cazador
Pithiculites chenche
Anadasypus hondanus
Pedrolypeutes praecursor
Nanoastegotherium prostatum
Scirrotherium hondaensis
Boreostemma gigantea
(syn. Asterostemma)
Boreostemma acostae
(syn. Asterostemma)
Neoglyptatelus originalis
Brievabradys laventensis
Huilabradys magdaleniensis
Pseudoprepotherium confusum
Neonematherium flabellatum
Microsteiromys jacobsi
Neoreomys huilensis
Microscleromys paradoxalis
Microscleromys cribiphilus
Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana
Scleromys colombianus
Scleromys schurmanni
Prodolichotis pridiana
Acarechimys minutissimus
Ricardomys longidens
Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis
Prothoatherium colombianus
Megadolodus molariformis
Villarroelia totoyoi
Pericotoxodon platignathus
Miocochilius anomopodus
Notonycteris magdalenensis
Notonycteris sucharadeus
Palynephyllum antimaster
Mormopterus colombiensis
Potamops mascahehenes
Kiotomops lopezi
Diclidurus sp.
Eumops sp.
Olenopsis sp.
?Steiromys sp.
Tonatia sp. or Lophostoma sp.
Dolichotinae sp.
Megatheriinae sp.
Nothrotheriinae sp.
?Echimyidae sp.
cane toad (Bufo marinus)
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris)
LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali)
Thyroptera robusta
Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor)
Sincelejo Fm. Calle Fría-Segovia Sucre Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus
Langhian Castilletes Fm.
(16.7-14.2 Ma)[22]
Cocinetas Basin La Guajira Lycopsis padillai, ?Hyperleptus sp., Astrapotheriidae, Odontoceti, Mysticeti, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Macraucheniidae, Proterotheriidae, Leontinidae, Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Megatheriidae, Dinomyidae, Sirenia, Sparassodonta, Aves indet.
Chelus colombiana, Chelus sp., Chelonoidis sp., cf. Crocodylus sp., cf. Mourasuchus sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., Alligatoridae gen. et sp. indet., Boidae, Crocodylidae gen et sp. indet., cf. Eusuchia gen et sp. indet., Gavialoidea gen. et sp. indet., Podocnemididae incertae sedis
Characidae, Serrasalmidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Ariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Otodontidae, Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae, Rhinopteridae, Ginglymostomatidae, Pristiophoridae, Pristidae, Rhynchobatidae, Rhynobatidae, Lepidosirenidae
Calliostoma sp., Arene sp., Nerita cf. fulgurans, Neritina n. sp. aff. woodwadi, Modulus tamanensis, Turritella (Bactrospira) sp. cf. altilira, Turritella (Turritella) cocoditana, Turritella (Turritella) machapoorensis, Turritella (Turritella) matarucana, Architectonica (Architectonica) nobilis, Bittium sp., Rhinoclavis (Ochetoclava) venada, Potamides suprasulcatus, Terebralia dentilabris, Petaloconchus sculpturatus, Bostrycapulus sp., Crepidula cantaurana, Crepidula insculpta, Crepidula plana, Calyptraea sp. cf. centralis, Crucibulum (Dispotaea) sp. cf. springvaleense, Aylacostoma n. sp., Doryssa n. sp., Sheppardiconcha n. sp., Charadreon n. sp., Natica sp., Naticarius sp., Glossaulax paraguanensis, Polinices sp. cf. nelsoni, Sinum gabbi, Stigmaulax sp., Strombus sp., Malea sp., Bursa rugosa, Ficus sp. cf. carbasea, Distorsio sp., Chicoreus (Triplex) sp. cf. cornurectus, Chicoreus (Triplex) corrigendum, Luria sp., Muracypraea sp. cf. hyaena, Calotrophon sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymia cocoditana, Eupleura kugleri, Hesperisternia sp., Phyllonotus n. sp., Siphonochelus (Laevityphis) cf. sawkinsi, Siratus cf. denegatus, Vokesimurex sp. cf. gilli, Antillophos sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymatophos cocoditana, Cymatophos paraguanensis, Gordanops sp. cf. baranoanus, Pallacera maracaibensis, Solenosteira sp., Granolaria sp. cf. gorgasiana, Latirus sp., Nassarius sp., Turbinella falconensis, Melongena consors, Anachis sp., Sincola sp., Strombina sp., Persicula venezuelana, Prunum quirosense, Agaronia sp. aff. testacea, Oliva sp., Aphera sp., Bivetiella sp. cf. gabbiana, Euclia sp. cf. dinota, Euclia werenfelsi, Narona sp., Trigonostoma woodringi, Conus sp. aff. jaspideus, Agladrillia sp., Crassispira conica, Fusiturricula sp., Gemmula vaningeni, Glyphostoma dentiferum, Paraborsonia cantaurana, "Chiton" sp., Saccella gnomon, Noetia dauleana, Bulla sp., Crenella sp., Brachidontes sp., Atrina sp., Argopecten sp., Anadara (Rasia) democraciana, Anadara (Rasia) tirantensis, Conus sp. cf. chipolanus, Conus sp. cf. molis, Conus talis, Strioterebrum ulloa, Terebra (Paraterebra) sulcifera, Clathrodrillia sp., Cruziturricula sp., Hindsiclava henekeni, Knefastia sp., Polystira sp., Adrana sp., Politoleda forcati, Anadara (Cunearca) zuliana, Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis, Anadara (Potiarca) inutilis, Anadara (Rasia) sp. cf. cornellana, Anadara (Tosarca) sp. cf. veatchi, Tucetona sp. cf. democraciana, Mytilus sp. cf. canoasensis, Anomia peruviana, Cavilinga sp., Lucinisca mirandana, Diplodonta sp., Harvella elegans, Mulinia sp., Raeta sp., Angulus sp., ?Macoma sp., Strigilla sp., Leopecten sp., Lindapecten buchivacoanus, Crassostrea sp., Dendostrea democraciana, Plicatula sp., Anodontia sp., Lucina sp. cf. pensylvanica, Phacoides sp. cf. pectinatus, Glyptoactis paraguanensis, Arcinella yaquensis, Chama berjadinensis, Dallocardia sp. cf. sanctidavidis, Apiocardia n. sp. aff. aminensis, Crassinella sp., Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) venezuelana, Micromactra maracaibensis, Eurytellina paraguanensis, Psammacoma falconensis, Psammotreta hadra, Donax sp., Tagelus (Mesopleura) n. sp. aff. divisus, Solecurtus sp., Solena sp., Abra sp., Agriopoma (Pitarella) paraguanensis, Hysteroconcha sp., Leukoma sp., Pitar sp., Transennella sp., Tenuicorbula n. sp. aff. lupina, Semele sp., Chione sp., Chionopsis paraguanensis, Clementia dariena, Cyclinella venezuelana, Dosinia sp., Lamelliconcha labreana, Lirophora quirosensis, Macrocallista n. sp. aff. maculata, Panchione n. sp. aff. macrtropsis, Caryocorbula fortis, Caryocorbula quirosana, Hexacorbula cruziana, Dentalium sp., Balanidae indet., Buccinidae indet., Callianassidae indet., Pectinidae indet., Portunidae indet., Ranellidae indet., Sphaeriidae indet., Sportellidae indet., Tellinidae indet., Turridae indet., Unioidae indet., Veneridae indet.
Burdigalian
Miocene Honda Gp. Coyaima Tolima Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp., Gavialis sp., Cochilius sp., Miocochilis sp., Scleromys sp., Dasypodidae sp., Leontiniidae sp., Megalonychidae sp., Toxodontidae sp.
Late Oligocene
Early Oligocene Pedeyita, Cartagena del Chairá Caquetá Eosteiromys sp.
Barzalosa Fm. Alto San Jose, Chaparral Tolima Balanerodus logimus
Lophiodolodus chaparralensis
Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis
Protheosodon sp.
Proadinotherium sp.
Late Eocene Gualanday Gp. Colombitherium tolimense
Early Eocene Bogotá Fm. Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá Cundinamarca Anemocardium margaritae, Etayoa bacatensis, Menispina evidens, Palaeoluna bogotensis, Stephania palaeosudamericana, Foveotriletes margaritae, Foveotricolpites perforatus, Hickeycarpum peltatum, Proxapertites operculatus, Ulmoideipites krempii, Carpolithus sp., Annonaceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Theaceae sp., many still unnamed
Mid Paleocene
Cerrejón Fm. Cerrejón Cesar
La Guajira
Titanoboa cerrejonensis
Carbonemys cofrinii
Acherontisuchus guajiraensis
Anthracosuchus balrogus
Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki
Cerrejonisuchus improcerus
Puentemys mushaisaensis
Aerofructus dillhoffi, Menispermites cerrejonensis, M. guajiraensis, Montrichardia aquatica, Petrocardium cerrejonense, P. wayuuorum, Stephania palaeosudamericana, Ulmoidicarpum tupperi, Acrostichum sp., Amaryllidaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Annonaceae sp., Apocynaceae sp., Araceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Dicotyledonae sp., Elaeocarpaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Malvoideae sp., Meliaceae sp., Monocotyledoneae sp., Moraceae sp., Pinales sp., Pteridophyta sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Sapotaceae sp., Stenochlaena sp., Sterculioideae sp., Violaceae sp., Zingiberales sp.
Proxapertites operculatus, Gemmatus phanocolpites gemmatus, Mauritidlites franciscoi, M. franciscoi var. pachyexinatus, Ctenolophonidites lisamae, Psilatriatriletes guaduensis, Foveotriletes cf. margaritae, Psilamonocolpites sp., Longapertites vaneenderburgi, Retidiporites magdalenensis
Manantial Fm.
Hato Nuevo Fm.
Ranchería Sub-basin Cesar
La Guajira
Rzehakina epigona, Globorotalia conicotruncana, Globigerina eugubina, Fovetriletes margaritae, Psilatriletes guaduensis, P. martinensis, Zonotricolpites cf. variabilis, Proxapertites opercutatus, P. maracaiboensis, P. humbertoides, Psilabrevitricolpites marginatus, Ctenolophonidites sp.
Early Paleocene
Paleocene Guaduas Fm. Zipaquirá
Tasco
Cundinamarca
Boyacá
Archaeopaliurus boyacensis, Bacumorphomonocolpites tausae, Buttinia andreevi, Coussapoa camargoi, Echimonocolpites echiverrucatus, E. protofranciscoi, Ficus andrewsi, Foveotriletes margaritae, Geonomites zipaquirensis, Mauritiidites franciscoi, Proxapertites humbertoides, P. operculatus, Psilatriletes martinensis, Retimonocolpites claris, Retricolpites belskii, Scabrastephanocolpites guaduensis, Spinozonocolpites echinatus, S. tausae, Syncolporites lisamae, Zonotricolpites lineaus, Berhamniphyllum sp., Dinogymniun sp.
Mesozoic Maastrichtian
Early Maastrichtian Guadalupe Gp. San Luis de Gaceno
Cucaita
Cundinamarca
Boyacá
Ophthalmoplax andina, ?Orthocarstenia clarki, ?O. cretacea, Ostrea tecticosta, Peroniceras (Gauthiericeras) bajuvaricum, Siphogenerinoides ewaldi
Santonian
Maastrichtian Molino Fm. Cesar-Ranchería Basin Cesar
La Guajira
Globotruncana fornicata, G. caniculata ventricosa, Globigerina cretacea, Gumbelina globulosa, G. excolta, Siphogenerinoides cretacea, S. bramlettei, Abathomphalus mayorensis, Guembelitria cretacea, Globorotruncanita conica, Gansserina gansseri, Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Heferohelix striata, H. navarroensis, Pseudoguembelina excolata, P. palpebra, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Echitriporites suescae, Echimonocolpites ruedae, Foveotriletes margaritae, Mauritildites protofranciscoi, Psilatriletes guaduensis, Araucariacites sp., Rugutriletes sp., Proxapertites operculatus, P. psilatus, Spiniferites cf. ramosus, Achomosphaera sp., Dinogymnium sp.
Campanian
Oliní Gp. Coello Tolima Eonatator coellensis
Santonian Conejo Fm. Toca
Cucaita
Boyacá Archaeglobigerina blowi, Codazziceras scheibei, Dicarinella concavata, D. primitiva, Gloriaceras correai, Heterohelix globulosa, H. reussi, Lenticeras baltai, Marginotruncana angusticarenata, M. sp. ct. M. renzi, M. sp. cf. M. sinuosa, Protexamites cucaitaense, Protopholoe colombiana, Rosita tornicata, Sigalitruncana sigali, Whiteinella inornata, Baculites sp., Barroisiceras sp., Exogyra sp., Hedbergella sp., Peroniceras sp., Pryonocicloceras sp.
Turonian
Coniacian La Luna Fm. Sardinata
Aguachica
Lebrija
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Norte de Santander
Santander
Cesar
La Guajira
Erichsenites mirabilis, Niceforoceras sp., Paralenticeras sp., Neoptychites sp., Holitoides sp., Fagesia sp., Prothocantoceras sp., Eucalycoceras sp., Cloleopoceras sp., Baroisiceras sp., Prionotropis sp., Baculites sp., Tissotis sp., Perinoceras aff. moureti, Whiteinella archeocretacea
Turonian
La Frontera Fm. Yaguará Huila Yaguarasaurus columbianus
Boyacá
Cundinamarca
Huila
Anomia colombiana, Codazziceras ospinae, Coilopoceras cf. newelli, Hoplitoides ingens, H. cf. lagiraldae, H. wohltmanni, Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense, Neoptychites crassus, Vascoceras cf. constrictum, V. cf. venezolanum, Wrightoceras munieri, Inoceramus sp., Mammites sp., Prionocycloceras sp, ?Fagesia sp.
Coniacian Loma Gorda Fm. Aipe Huila Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, Eulophoceras jacobi, Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, Mitonia gracilis, Mytiloides kossmati, M. goppelnensis, M. scupini, Neoptychites cf. andinus, Paralenticeras sieversi, Paramammites sp., Peroniceras subtricarinatum, Prionocycloceras guayabanum, Reesidites subtuberculatum, Subprionotropis colombianus, Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., Choffaticeras sp., Dydimotis sp., Forresteria sp., Gauthiericeras sp., Morrowites sp., Nannovascoceras sp., Quitmaniceras sp.
Turonian
Early Turonian Otanche Fm. Otanche Boyacá Crioceratites cf. apricus
Early Albian
Turonian Chipaque Fm. Chipaque Cundinamarca Exogyra squamata, Ostrea syphax
Cenomanian
Turonian San Rafael Fm. Pesca
Samacá
Boyacá Anomia colombiana, A. sp. cf. A. papyracea, Coilopoceras cf. lesseli, Hoplitoides cf. crassicostatus, H. cf. ingens, Kamerunoceras n. sp. aff. K. turoniense, Mammites nodosoidesappelatus, M. aff. afer, Mytiloides kossmati, M. mytiloides, M. subhercynicus, Ophthalmoplax spinosus, Paramammites cf. gracilis, Archaeoglobigerina sp., Clavihedbergella sp., Dicarinella sp., Globigerinelloides sp., Glyptoxoceras sp., Guembelitria sp., Hastigerinoides sp., Hedbergella sp., Helvetoglobotruncana sp., Heterohelix sp., Laeviheterohelix sp., Watinoceras sp., Whiteinella sp., Wrightoceras sp., ?Yubariceras sp.
Cenomanian
Late Cenomanian Hondita Fm. Aipe Huila Acanthoceras sp., Rhynchostreon sp.
Cenomanian Aguas Blancas Fm. Cesar-Ranchería Basin Cesar
La Guajira
Ostrea scyfax, Exogyra toxaster, Choffatella decipiens, Cheloniceras sp., Pseudosaynella sp., Dufrenoya sp., Turrulitas sp., Acanthoceras sp., ?Montelliceras sp., ?Calvoceras sp., Orbitolina conica texana, Heterohelix reussi, Marginotruncana sinuosa
Aptian
Early Albian Hiló Fm. Prado Tolima Actinoceramus munsoni, A. aff. subsulcatiformis, Beudanticeras cf. rebouli, Desmoceras latidorsatum, Eubrancoceras cf. aegoceratoides, Exogyra aff. texana, Goodhallites aguilerae, Inoceramus anglicus, I. cf. cadottensis, I. aff. dunveganensis, I. aff. etheridgei, I. cf. ewaldi, I. aff. irenensis, I. prefragilis, I. cf. richensis, Lyelliceras pseudolyelli, Mojsisovicsia evansi, Mortoniceras arietiforme, Neocomiceramus neocomiensis, Neoharpoceras hugardianum, Oxytropidoceras intermedium, O. karsteni, O. laraense, O. multicostatum, O. nodosum, O. peruvianum, ?O. robustum, O. venezolanum, Prolyelliceras gevreyi, P. prorsocurvatum, Puzio media, Tegoceras mosense, Acompsoceras sp., ?Bositra sp., Camptonectes sp., Entolium sp., Hamites sp., Hysteroceras sp., Mariella sp., Ostrea sp., Phelopteria sp., ?Syncyclonema sp.
Early Albian Capotes Fm. Bituima Cundinamarca Douvilleiceras solitae, Neodeshayesites columbianus, Paracrioceras sp.
Barremian
Late Aptian Yuruma Fm.
Apón Fm.
South of Cuiza La Guajira Astarte cf. sieversi, Cheloniceras cf. subnodosocostatum, Crassatella cf. caudata, Cymatoceras perstriatum, Deshayesites aff. codazzianus, Hamites degenhardtii, Heinzia galeatoides, H. lindigii, H. aff. provincialis, Heteroceras cf. helicoceroides, Karsteniceras beyrichii, Nicklesia alicantensis, N. cf. colombiana, N. didayana, N. dumasiana, N. lenticulata, Parahoplites obliquus, Pedioceras caquesensis, P. undulatum, Phylloceras morelianum, P. velledae, Pinna robinaldina, Pseudoaustraliceras ramososeptatum, Pseudohaploceras aff. liptoviense, Psilotissotia maxima, Ptychoceras humboldtianum, Pulchellia caicedi, P. communis, P. elegans, P. fasciata, P. galeata, P. hettneri, P. multicostata, P. pseudokarsteni, P. radians, P. robusta, P. royoi, Trigonia tocaimaana, Valdedorsella inca, Zurcherella zurcheri, Colombiceras sp., Eogaudryceras sp., Exogyra sp., Paraspiticeras sp., Uhligella sp.
Early Barremian
Late Aptian Caballos Fm.
Yaví Fm.
Alpujarra Tolima Araucarites sp., Brachyphyllum sp., Cladophlebis sp., Weichselia sp.
El Peñón Fm. El Peñón Cundinamarca Cheloniceras sp., Epicheloniceras sp. aff. carlosacostai
Socotá Fm. Útica Cundinamarca Acanthoplites (?) leptoceratiforme, Dufrenoyia sanctorum, Parahoplites (?) hubachi, Stoyanowiceras treffryanus
Aptian Trincheras Fm. Apulo Cundinamarca Heminautilus etheringtoni, Cheloniceras sp., Heinzia sp., Pseudohaploceras sp., bryozoans, molluscs, echinoids
Early Aptian Une Fm.
Caballos Fm.
Firavitoba
Payandé
Boyacá
Tolima
Heminautilus etheringtoni
Aptian Paja Fm. Villa de Leyva
Sáchica
Boyacá Kronosaurus boyacensis
Callawayasaurus colombiensis
Padillasaurus leivaensis
Platypterygius sachicarum
Desmatochelys padillai
Brachauchenius sp.
Stenorhynchosaurus munozi
Muiscasaurus catheti
Leyvachelys cipadi
Bellcarcinus aptiensis, Cenomanocarcinus vanstraeleni, Colombicarcinus laevis, Joeranina colombiana, J. kerri, Notopocorystes kerri, Planocarcinus johnjagti, Rathbunassa gen. et sp. nov., Telamonocarcinus antiquus
Acanthoptychoceras triumphyi, Acrioceras julivertii, Ancyloceras vandenheckii velezianum, Buergliceras buerglii, Colchidites apolinari, C. breistrofferi, Crioceratites leivaensis, C. tener, C. aff. emerici, Frenelopsis cf. ramosissima, Karsteniceras beyrichi, Karsteniceras multicostatum sp. nov., Macroscaphites yvani disjuncticostatus, Monsalveiceras monsalvense, Nicklesia pulchella, Pedioceras asymmetricum, P. ubaquense, Protanisoceras creutzbergi, Pseudoaustraliceras columbiae, Pseudocrioceras simitiense, Pseudohaploceras incertum, Ptychoceras aff. puzosianum, Teredolites clavatus, Dufrenoyia sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Olcostephanus sp., Phylloceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pseudofrenelopsis sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp., Valdedorsella sp.
Hauterivian Chipatá Santander Hamiticeras chipatai
Ritoque Fm. Villa de Leyva Boyacá Valanginites santafecinus, Acanthodiscus sp., Favrella sp., Subastieria sp.
Tibasosa Fm. Arcabuco
Santa Rosa de Viterbo
Boyacá Subsaynella boyacaensis n. sp., Thurmanniceras santarosanum n. sp., ?Pseudohaploceras sp.
Rosablanca Fm. Arenal del Sur
Simití
Socorro
Zapatoca
Bolívar
Santander
Diaulax rosablanca, Natica cf. bulimoides, Toxaster roulini, Trigonia transitoria quintucoensis, Acanthodiscus sp., Crioceras sp., Favrella sp., Hamulina sp., ?Kilianella sp., Nicklesia sp., Olcostephanus sp. Pseudohaploceras sp., Thurmanniceras sp.
Valanginian
Murca Fm. Ubalá
Labranzagrande
Cundinamarca
Boyacá
Berriasella colombiana, Leptoceras ublanese n. sp., Pseudoosterella ubalaensis
Berriasian
Early Berriasian Arcabuco Fm. Chíquiza Boyacá Dinosaur footprints
Tithonian
Late Jurassic Valle Alto Fm. San Félix, Salamina Caldas Piazopteris branneri, Cladophlebis sp., Classopollis sp., Ctenozamites sp., Desmiophyllum sp., Gleichenites sp., Nilssoniopteris sp., Otozamites sp., Pachypteris sp., Ptilophyllum sp., Rhabdoderas sp., Sagenopteris sp., Sandlingites sp., Sphenopteris sp., Substeuroceras sp., Trigonia sp., Zamites sp.
Kimmeridgian Coquina Gp.
 Jipi Fm.
Serranía de Cocinas La Guajira Adelocoenia dendroidea, Allocoenia trochiformis, Halysitastraea columbiana n. gen. n. sp., Stylina micrommata, Thamnasteria dendroidea, Calamophylliopsis sp., Calamophyllia sp., Heliocoenia sp., Isastrea sp., Pholadomya sp., Algae indet., Bryozoa indet., Gastropoda indet., Porifera indet.
Late Triassic Saldaña Fm.
 Chicalá Mb.
Payandé,
San Luis
Tolima Cycloceltites cowichanensis, Lissonites canadensis, Peripleurites boeckhi, Peripleurites roemeri, Rhabdoceras suessi
Middle Triassic Payandé Fm. Payandé Tolima Cidaris cf. hausmanni, C. cf. scrobiculata, Costatoria jaworskii, Gruenewaldia multicostata, Isocrinus aff. trechmanni, Metasibirites annulosus, M. tolimensis n. sp., Monotis subcircularis, Myophorigonia ex gr. paucicostata, Rhabdoceras ex gr. suessi, Spiriferina abichi, Zygopleura cf. modestum, Z. cf. sturi, Z. cf. subanthophylloides, Coenothyris sp., ?Discophyllites sp., Gervillella sp., Homomya sp., Leptochondria sp., ?Limatula sp., Loxonema sp., Megalodon sp., ?Myophoria sp., ?Oxynautilus sp.,?Pleuromya sp., ?Pomarangina sp., Schafhaeutlia sp., ?Wittenburgella sp., Brachiopoda indet., Crinoidea indet.
Paleozoic Middle Permian Palmarito Fm. Río Molino Magdalena Mooreoceras sp.
Quebrada Manaure La Guajira Perrinites hilli, Eumedlicottia sp., ?Stearoceras sp.
Early Permian
Mid Carboniferous
Early Carboniferous Cuche Fm. Floresta Boyacá Antarctilamna sp., Asterolepis sp., Bothriolepis sp., Holoptychius sp., ?Strepsodus sp., ?Ginkgo lamariensis, Baiera sp., Welleria sp., Lingula sp.
Frasnian
Early Givetian Floresta Fm. Platyceras aff. nodosum
Placoderm fishes, Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov., Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov., Tarijactinoides sp. nov., Anchiopsis armata, Barroisella sp., Belenopyge contusa, Cordania gasepiou, Coronura cf. lessepsensis, Dechenella boteroi, Dipleura cf. dekayi, Greenops cf. grabaui, Kettneraspis callicera, Mannopyge sp., Synphoria stemmata, ?Tarutiglossa sp., Viaphacops cristata, Acrospirifer olssoni, Anoplotheca cf. silvetii, Atrypa harrisi, Australospirifer cf. antarcticus, Aviculopecten wellsi, Brachyspirifer palmerae, Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, Chonostrophia knodi, Cyclotrypa boyaca, C. carribeana, C. dickeyi, C. reticulata, C. stellata, Cymostrophia dickeyi, C. schucherti, C. waringi, Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, Dechenella boteroi, Dictyostrophia cooperi, Elytha colombiana, Eodevonaria imperialis, Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, Fenestrellina colombiana, F. olssoni, F. acuta, F. quadrata, F. harrisi, Fistulipora anomala, F. megalopora, Florestacanthus morenoi, Greenops cf. grabaui, Heliophyllum halli, Intrapora fragilis, I. megalopora, Leiorhynchus mysia, Leptaena boyaca, Megastrophia hopkinsi, M. pygmaea, Meristella wheeleri, Nucleospira concinna, Meganteris australis, Odontopleura callicera, Pentagonia gemmisulcata, Phacops cf. salteri, Pholidops florestae, Platyostoma lineata, Pleurodictyum americanum, Polypora elegantula, P. granulifera, Prismopora inornata, Schellwienella goldringae, Semicoscinium colombiensis, S. minutum, Spinocyrtia cf. valenteana, Spinulicosta spinulicosta, Spirifer kingi, Strophonella floweri, S. meridionalis, Sulcoretepora olssoni, S. subramosa, Taeniopora florestae, Tropidoleptus carinatus, Unitrypa casteri, Viaphacops cristata, Acanthograptus sp., Actinopteria sp, Amphigenia sp., Anthozoa sp., Aviculopecten sp., Camarotoechia sp., Cryptonella sp., Cyphaspis sp., Cryphaeus sp., Dalmanites sp., Derbyina sp., Gastropoda sp., Grammysia sp., Homalonotus sp., Leptostrophia sp., Mediospirifer sp., Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., Pterinea sp., Strophodonta sp., Thamnopora sp., Vitulina sp.
Late Emsian
Devonian Río Cachirí Gp. Cesar-Ranchería Basin Cesar
La Guajira
Acrospirifer olssoni; Spirifer kingi, Leptaena boyaca, Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, Phricodrotis planoconvexa, Pecten sp.
Early Devonian
Silurian
Late Ordovician
Middle Ordovician Caño Cristales Meta Dichograptus sp., Tetragraptus sp., ?Lingulella sp., ?Obolus sp.
Darriwilian El Higado Fm.
Venado Fm.
Tarqui Huila Acodus deltatus, Anebolithus tafuri, Costiconus iniquus, ?Costiconus cf. ethingtoni, Cryptograptus tricornis, Didymograptus artus, Didymograptus murchisoni, Drepanodus robustus, Drepanoistodus cf. tablepointensis, Hallograptus bimucronatus, Ogygiocarella cf. debuchii, Ogygiocaris cf. macrops, ?Paltodus deltifer, Parapaltodus simplicissimus, Paroistodus numarcuatus, Protolloydolithus cf. salax, Protopanderodus rectus, Semiacontiodus cf. cornuformis, Scolapodus striatus, Cerninella sp., Cordylodus sp., Glyptograptus sp., ?Obolus sp., Porterfieldia sp., Schizocrania sp., Asaphidae sp.
Floian
Early Ordovician ?Guapayito Fm. Guaviare River
Serranía de la Macarena
Meta Acrotreta sp., ?Apheoorthis sp., Basiliella sp., Geragnostus sp., Kainella sp., ?Leptoplastides sp., Lingulella sp., Megistaspis sp., ?Nanorthis sp., ?Niobella sp., ?Pseudokainella sp., Raphiophorus sp., Symphysurus sp., ?Tropidodiscus sp., Tropidopyge sp., ?Westergaardia sp.
Cambrian Duda Fm. El Dorado Meta Paradoxides sp.
Proterozoic

Proposed reclassification of South American gomphotheres

[edit]

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[275][276][277][278]

  • Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
  • Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
  • as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
  • all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
  • Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923) is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon

Evolution

[edit]
  • Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America[275]
  • Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves[279]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé & Avilla (2015)[17]
  2. ^ Piazopteris branneri listed as the Permian genus Glossopteris (branneri)[250]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
  2. ^ a b Curití at Fossilworks.org
  3. ^ a b De Porta, 1969, p.92
  4. ^ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
  5. ^ De Porta, 1960
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
  7. ^ Hammen, 1986, p.29
  8. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996
  9. ^ Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
  10. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
  11. ^ a b Soatá at Fossilworks.org
  12. ^ a b De Porta, 1961, p.52
  13. ^ a b Bürgl, 1956
  14. ^ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
  15. ^ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
  16. ^ Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
  17. ^ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
  18. ^ a b (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
  19. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
  20. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
  21. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.43
  22. ^ a b Amson et al., 2016, p.2
  23. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.3
  24. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.4
  25. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.6
  26. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.8
  27. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.15
  28. ^ Pérez et al., 2017
  29. ^ Ware Vertebrates at Fossilworks.org
  30. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.9
  31. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.12
  32. ^ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks.org
  33. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
  34. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.53
  35. ^ a b Suárez et al., 2015
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Croft, 2007, p.299
  37. ^ Villarroel, 1997
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Croft, 2007, p.302
  39. ^ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Croft, 2007, p.300
  41. ^ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
  42. ^ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
  43. ^ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
  44. ^ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  45. ^ Cadena et al., 2008
  46. ^ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
  47. ^ Hsiou et al., 2010
  48. ^ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
  49. ^ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta, serpientes
  50. ^ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  51. ^ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
  52. ^ a b (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
  53. ^ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
  54. ^ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
  55. ^ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
  56. ^ Miller, 1953
  57. ^ a b Rasmussen, 1997
  58. ^ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tejedor, 2013, p.22
  60. ^ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Croft, 2007, p.301
  62. ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
  63. ^ Setoguchi, 1985
  64. ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
  65. ^ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  66. ^ Marshall, 1976
  67. ^ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
  68. ^ Croft, 2007, p.303
  69. ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
  70. ^ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
  71. ^ Defler, 2004, p.32
  72. ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
  73. ^ Takai et al., 2001
  74. ^ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
  75. ^ Rosenberger et al., 1991
  76. ^ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
  77. ^ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  78. ^ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
  79. ^ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
  80. ^ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
  81. ^ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
  82. ^ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
  83. ^ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
  84. ^ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
  85. ^ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
  86. ^ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
  87. ^ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
  88. ^ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
  89. ^ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
  90. ^ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
  91. ^ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
  92. ^ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
  93. ^ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  94. ^ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
  95. ^ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
  96. ^ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
  97. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
  98. ^ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
  99. ^ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
  100. ^ Takai et al., 1991
  101. ^ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
  102. ^ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
  103. ^ Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus at Fossilworks.org
  104. ^ Amson et al., 2016, p.7
  105. ^ a b Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
  106. ^ Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190-196
  107. ^ Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7-30
  108. ^ Moreno et al., 2015, p.29
  109. ^ Hendy et al., 2015, pp.52-54
  110. ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
  111. ^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
  112. ^ Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
  113. ^ a b Hoffstetter, 1971, p.39
  114. ^ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
  115. ^ Lophiodolodus chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
  116. ^ Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
  117. ^ Protheosodon at Fossilworks.org
  118. ^ Proadinotherium at Fossilworks.org
  119. ^ Billet et al., 2010
  120. ^ Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org
  121. ^ Villarroel, 1987, p.241
  122. ^ Stephania palaeosudamericana, FH0903 at Fossilworks.org
  123. ^ a b Herrera et al., 2011
  124. ^ Montoya & Reyes, 2002, p.59
  125. ^ Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
  126. ^ Bloch et al., 2008
  127. ^ Head et al., 2011
  128. ^ Head et al., 2012
  129. ^ Titanoboa cerrejonensis at Fossilworks.org
  130. ^ Head et al., 2009
  131. ^ Carbonemys cofrinii at Fossilworks.org
  132. ^ Cadena et al., 2012a
  133. ^ Acherontisuchus guajiraensis at Fossilworks.org
  134. ^ Hastings et al., 2011, p.1095
  135. ^ Anthracosuchus balrogus at Fossilworks.org
  136. ^ Hastings et al., 2014
  137. ^ Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki at Fossilworks.org
  138. ^ Cadena et al., 2010
  139. ^ Cerrejonisuchus improcerus at Fossilworks.org
  140. ^ Hastings et al., 2010
  141. ^ Puentemys mushaisaensis at Fossilworks.org
  142. ^ Cadena et al., 2012b
  143. ^ Herrera et al., 2008
  144. ^ Herrera et al., 2014, p.199
  145. ^ Herrera et al., 2014, p.204
  146. ^ Wing et al., 2009
  147. ^ Cerrejón 0315 at Fossilworks.org
  148. ^ Cerrejón 0318 at Fossilworks.org
  149. ^ Cerrejón 0319 at Fossilworks.org
  150. ^ Cerrejón 0322 at Fossilworks.org
  151. ^ Cerrejón 0323 at Fossilworks.org
  152. ^ Cerrejón 0324 at Fossilworks.org
  153. ^ Cerrejón 0706 at Fossilworks.org
  154. ^ Cerrejón 0707 at Fossilworks.org
  155. ^ Cerrejón 0708 at Fossilworks.org
  156. ^ Cerrejón 0710 at Fossilworks.org
  157. ^ Cerrejón FH0705-12 at Fossilworks.org
  158. ^ a b García González et al., 2007, p.303
  159. ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.37
  160. ^ Huertas, 1960, p.54
  161. ^ Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks.org
  162. ^ Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks.org
  163. ^ 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database
  164. ^ Gúzman et al., 2016
  165. ^ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, pp.14-15
  166. ^ García González et al., 2007, p.77
  167. ^ a b c García González et al., 2007, p.307
  168. ^ Eonatator coellensis at Fossilworks.org
  169. ^ Páramo Fonseca, 2013
  170. ^ Luque et al., 2015
  171. ^ Tchegliakova & Pérez, 1995
  172. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.48
  173. ^ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, p.14
  174. ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, pp.32-33
  175. ^ a b c Moreno Bedmar et al., 2015
  176. ^ a b García González et al., 2007, p.75
  177. ^ Yaguarasaurus columbianus at Fossilworks.org
  178. ^ Páramo Fonseca, 2000
  179. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.41
  180. ^ Patarroyo, 2016, p.41
  181. ^ Blanco et al., 2004, p.26
  182. ^ a b Patarroyo, 2011
  183. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.54
  184. ^ Gutiérrez Palma, 1971
  185. ^ Acosta, 1960, p.37
  186. ^ Patarroyo & Rojas, 2007
  187. ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.31
  188. ^ Olini Creek 1 at Fossilworks.org
  189. ^ Olini Creek 3 at Fossilworks.org
  190. ^ Olini Creek 6 at Fossilworks.org
  191. ^ Olini Creek 8 at Fossilworks.org
  192. ^ Olini Creek 9 at Fossilworks.org
  193. ^ Olini Creek 13 at Fossilworks.org
  194. ^ Olini Creek 15 at Fossilworks.org
  195. ^ Olini Creek 34 at Fossilworks.org
  196. ^ Olini Creek 39 at Fossilworks.org
  197. ^ Olini Creek 40 at Fossilworks.org
  198. ^ Olini Creek 47 at Fossilworks.org
  199. ^ Olini Creek 48 at Fossilworks.org
  200. ^ Olini Creek 54 at Fossilworks.org
  201. ^ Olini Creek 58 at Fossilworks.org
  202. ^ Olini Creek 59 at Fossilworks.org
  203. ^ Olini Creek 65 at Fossilworks.org
  204. ^ Olini Creek 100 at Fossilworks.org
  205. ^ Olini Creek 101 at Fossilworks.org
  206. ^ Olini Creek 106 at Fossilworks.org
  207. ^ Olini Creek 108 at Fossilworks.org
  208. ^ Olini Creek 115 at Fossilworks.org
  209. ^ Olini Creek 122 at Fossilworks.org
  210. ^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.42
  211. ^ Cuiza Barremian at Fossilworks.org
  212. ^ Cuiza Aptian at Fossilworks.org
  213. ^ Punta Espada at Fossilworks.org
  214. ^ Monje et al., 2016, p.38
  215. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.40
  216. ^ Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
  217. ^ Kronosaurus boyacensis at Fossilworks.org
  218. ^ Callawayasaurus colombiensis at Fossilworks.org
  219. ^ Padillasaurus leivaensis at Fossilworks.org
  220. ^ Platypterygius sachicarum at Fossilworks.org
  221. ^ Páramo et al., 2016
  222. ^ a b Brachauchenius sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Karsteniceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp. at Fossilworks.org
  223. ^ a b Cadena & Parham, 2015
  224. ^ Muiscasaurus catheti at Fossilworks.org
  225. ^ Leyvachelys cipadi at Fossilworks.org
  226. ^ Luque, 2014
  227. ^ Karasawa et al., 2014
  228. ^ Luque, 2015
  229. ^ Bermúdez et al., 2013
  230. ^ Luque et al., 2012
  231. ^ Monsalveiceras monsalvense at Fossilworks.org
  232. ^ a b Kabakadze & Hoedemaeker, 1997, pp.58-59
  233. ^ Chaparro et al., 2015
  234. ^ Moreno et al., 2007
  235. ^ Patarroyo, 2009
  236. ^ Espinel & Hurtado, p.11
  237. ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.23
  238. ^ Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Boyacá at Fossilworks.org
  239. ^ Arcabuco at Fossilworks.org
  240. ^ Gómez et al., 2015
  241. ^ Espinel & Hurtado et al., 2010, p.10
  242. ^ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.21
  243. ^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.38
  244. ^ Dorado Galindo, 1990, p.23
  245. ^ Moreno, 1990, p.76
  246. ^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p.207
  247. ^ Pseudoosterella ubalaensis
  248. ^ Ubalá at Fossilworks.org
  249. ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
  250. ^ a b Mojica, 1984, pp.131-132
  251. ^ Valle Alto Formation at Fossilworks.org
  252. ^ Coquina Group Jurassic fauna at Fossilworks.org
  253. ^ Payandé bed A at Fossilworks.org
  254. ^ Payandé bed B at Fossilworks.org
  255. ^ Payandé bed C at Fossilworks.org
  256. ^ Payandé Río Coello at Fossilworks.org
  257. ^ Payandé Quebrada Chicalá at Fossilworks.org
  258. ^ Payandé El Salitre at Fossilworks.org
  259. ^ Payandé Cueva Tuluni at Fossilworks.org
  260. ^ Río Molino Permian at Fossilworks.org
  261. ^ Quebrada Manaure Permian at Fossilworks.org
  262. ^ a b Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, pp.65-69
  263. ^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998
  264. ^ a b Devonian Floresta at Fossilworks.org
  265. ^ Morzadec et al., 2015, pp.335-352
  266. ^ Giroud López, 2014, pp.39-40
  267. ^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
  268. ^ García González et al., 2007, p.68
  269. ^ Caño Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
  270. ^ Moreno et al., 2008, p.10
  271. ^ Borrero et al., 2007
  272. ^ Guaviare Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
  273. ^ Macarena Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
  274. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014
  275. ^ a b Lucas, 2013
  276. ^ Mothé et al., 2012
  277. ^ Mothé et al., 2016a
  278. ^ Mothé et al., 2016b
  279. ^ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33

Bibliography

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Pleistocene-Holocene
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Cocinetas Basin
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Honda Group
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Bogotá Formation
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Cerrejón Formation
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La Frontera Formation
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Paja Formation
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Murca Formation
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Jurassic
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Cuche & Floresta Formations
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