List of people known as the Great

"The Great" redirects here. For other uses, see The Great (disambiguation).

This is a list of people known as the Great, or the equivalent, in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes, such as Persian e Bozorg and Hindustani e Azam.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to have been a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King" (King of Kings, Shahanshah). It was first used by Cyrus II of Persia.[1] The title was inherited by Alexander III when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference to this is in a comedy by Plautus,[2] in which it is assumed that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no evidence that he was called "the Great" before this. The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great. Once the term gained currency, it was broadened to include persons in other fields, such as the philosopher Albert the Great.

Later rulers and commanders were given the epithet during their lifetime, for example, the Roman general Pompey. Others received the title posthumously, such as the Indian emperor Ashoka. As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of the designation varies greatly. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "the Great" in his lifetime, but is rarely called such nowadays, later writers preferring his more specific epithet "the Sun King". German Emperor Wilhelm I was often called "the Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely before or after.

Monarchs

[edit]
Name Description Reign (Dates) Ref.
Ashoka the Great Indis's most powerful king 268 BC – 232 BC [3] [4] [5]
Abgar VIII King of Osroene ? – 212
Akbar the Great Third Mughal emperor of India 11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 [6]
Alan I, King of Brittany Duke of Brittany ? – 907
Alexander the Great Basileus of Macedonia and King of Kings of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt. 356 BC – 323 BC
Alfonso III of Asturias King of León, Galicia and Asturias 848 – 910
Alfred the Great King of Wessex and the Anglo-Saxons 848/849 – 899
Amenhotep III Pharaoh of Egypt ? – 1353 BC
Antiochus III the Great Ruler of the Seleucid Empire 241 BC – 187 BC
Abbas the Great King of Kings of Persia 1588 – 1629 [7]
Ashot I of Armenia King of Armenia 820 – 890
Ashot I of Iberia First Bagratid king of Georgia ? – 830
Askia Mohammad I Ruler of the Songhai Empire 1442 – 1538 [8]
Bagrat V of Georgia King of Georgia ? – 1393
Barnim III Duke of Stettin Pomerania c. 1300 – 1368 [9]
Bayinnaung King of Toungoo Dynasty (in present-day Myanmar) 1550 – 1581
Berengaria of Castile Queen of Castile and Toledo 1179 – 1246
Bhumibol Adulyadej King of Thailand 1927 – 2016
Bogusław V Duke of Wolgast and Słupsk 1317/18 – 1374 [10]
Bolesław I the Brave First king of Poland 967 – 1025 [11]
Casimir III the Great King of Poland (1333–1370) 1310 – 1370
Catherine the Great Empress of Russia 1729 – 1796
Charlemagne ("Charles the Great") King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans 800 – 814
Chlothar II King of Neustria and King of the Franks 584 – 629
Chulalongkorn King of Siam (in present-day Thailand) 1868 – 1910
Constantine the Great Roman emperor 272 – 337
Cnut the Great King of England (1016–1035), Denmark (1018–1035) and Norway (1028–1035) 985 or 995 – 1035
Cyrus the Great Founder and First Shahanshah of Persia, Achaemenid Empire (in present-day Iran) 600 BC or 576 BC – 530 BC
Darius the Great Third Shahanshah of Persia, Achaemenid Empire (in present-day Iran) 550 BC – 486 BC
Eucratides I Ruler of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom 170 BC – 145 BC [12]
Ewuare Founder and Oba (king) of the Benin Empire (in present-day Nigeria) ? – 1473
Farrukhan the Great Ispahbadh of Tabaristan 712 – 728 [13]
Ferdinand I of León King of León and Count of Castile 1015 – 1065
Frederick the Great King of Prussia 1712 – 1786
Genghis Khan Founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire 1162 – 1227
Gwrgan Fawr King of Ergyng c. 619 – 645
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden King of Sweden (1611–1632), founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader 1594 – 1632
Gwanggaeto the Great King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea 374 – 413 [14]
Henry IV of France King of France and King of Navarre 1553 – 1610
Herod the Great King of Judea 73 BC/74 BC – 4 BC
Hugh III of Cyprus King of Cyprus and Jerusalem 1267 – 1284
Hugh Magnus Co-King of France 1007 – 1025
Inal the Great of Circassia Supreme Prince of Circassia 1427 – 1453
Ivan III of Russia Grand Prince of Moscow 1440 – 1505
Iyasu I Emperor of Ethiopia 1654 – 1706
Jeongjo of Joseon 22nd King of the Joseon Dynasty 1753 – 1800
John I of Portugal King of Portugal and the Algarve 1358 – 1433
John II of Aragon and Navarre King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre 1398 – 1479
Justinian I Roman Emperor (Eastern) 483 – 565
Kamehameha I First king of Hawaii 1758 – 1819
Kangxi Emperor Emperor of Qing China 1654 – 1722
Kanishka Emperor of Kushan Empire, ruled Central Asia and parts of India 127 – 150 [15]
Kvirike III of Kakheti King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia 1010 – 1029
Kublai Khan Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty 1215 – 1294
Leo I the Thracian Roman emperor 457 – 474 [16]
Llywelyn the Great King of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales 1172 – 1240
Louis I of Hungary King of Hungary, Croatia, and Poland 1326 – 1382
Lê Thánh Tông Emperor of Đại Việt, the longest-reigning and greatest emperor of the Later Lê dynasty 1442 – 1497
Louis XIV of France King of France and Navarre 1638 – 1715
Manuel I Komnenos Byzantine emperor 1143 – 1180
Marianus IV of Arborea Judge of Arborea 1319 – 1376 [17]
Miloš Obrenović I of Serbia Prince of Serbia 1780 – 1860
Mircea the Elder Voivode of Wallachia 1386 – 1394, 1397 – 1418
Mithridates I of Parthia Fifth King of Parthia (in present-day Iran) 171 BC – 132 BC [18]
Mithridates II of Parthia Eighth King of Parthia (in present-day Iran) 121 BC – 91 BC
Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus 120 BC – 63 BC
Mongkut King of Siam (in present-day Thailand) 1804 – 1868
Mubarak Al-Sabah Ruler of Kuwait 1840 – 1915
Mstislav I of Kiev Grand Prince of Kievan Rus' 1076 – 1132
Narai King of Ayutthaya (in present-day Thailand) 1633 – 1688
Naresuan King of Ayutthaya (in present-day Thailand) 1590 – 1605
Nebuchadnezzar II King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 642 BC – 562 BC [19]
Otto the Great Holy Roman Emperor 912 – 973
Owain Gwynedd King of All Wales c. 1100/23 – 1170 [20]
Pakal Ruler of the Maya city-state of Palenque 603 – 683
Parakramabahu I King of Polonnaruwa 1123 – 1186 [21]
Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia King of Croatia 1059 – 1075 [22]
Peter the Great Tsar of Russia; founder of the Russian Empire 1672 – 1725 [citation needed]
Peter III of Aragon King of Aragon and King of Sicily 1239 – 1285
Pharasmanes I of Iberia King of Iberia 1 – 58
Phutthayotfa Chulalok King of Siam (In present-day Thailand) 1782 – 1809 [23]
Qin Shi Huang First emperor of China, who unified China from Warring States 259 BC – 210 BC
Radama I First king of greater Madagascar 1810 – 1828
Radu IV the Great Voivode of Wallachia 1495 – 1508
Rajaraja Chola I Imperial Chola Emperor of Tamilakam 985 – 1014
Rajendra Chola I Imperial Chola Emperor of Tamilakam 1014 – 1044
Ramesses II Pharaoh of Egypt known for his temples, monuments, and military feats. 1279 BC – 1213 BC [24]
Ram Khamhaeng King of Sukhothai (In present-day Thailand) 1279 – 1298
Reza Shah Shah of Iran 1925 – 1941
Rhodri Mawr King of Gwynedd (in present-day Wales) 844 – 878
Roman the Great Grand Prince of Kiev 1160 – 1205 [25]
Sancho III of Pamplona King of Navarre 1004 – 1035
Sargon of Akkad Ruler of the Akkadian Empire ? – 2215 BC [26]
Scorpion II King of Thinis c. 3150 BC – 3135 BC [27][28][29]
Sejong the Great Fourth King of the Joseon Dynasty 1418 – 1450 [30]
Shapur II Tenth Shahanshah of Persia, Sassanid Empire (in present-day Iran) 309 – 379
Simeon I of Bulgaria Tsar of Bulgaria 893 – 927 [31]
Simon I of Kartli King of Kartli 1556 – 1569, 1578 – 1599
Solomon I of Imereti King of Imereti 1752 – 1765, 1767 – 1784
Sonni Ali Ber First Ruler of the Songhai Empire 1464 – 1492 [32]
Stefan Uroš I King of Serbia 1243 – 1276
Stephen the Great Prince of Moldavia (Romania) 1457 – 1504
Svatopluk I of Moravia King of Moravia 840 – 894 [33]
Taksin King of the Thonburi Kingdom (in present-day Thailand) 1767 – 1782 [34]
Tamar of Georgia Queen of the Georgian Empire 1184 – 1223 [35]
Emperor Taizong of Tang Emperor of Tang (China) 626 – 649
Theoderic the Great King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire 471 – 526
Theodosius I Roman emperor 379 – 395 [36]
Thoros II of Armenia Lord of Armenian Cilicia ? – 1169 [37]
Thutmose III Pharaoh of Egypt 1479 BC – 1425 BC [38]
Tigranes the Great Emperor of Armenia 95 BC – 55 BC [39]
Tiridates III of Armenia King of Armenia 298 – 339 [40]
Valdemar I of Denmark King of Denmark 1154 – 1182 [41]
Valentinian I Roman emperor 364 – 375 [42]
Vigraharaja IV King of Chauhan Dynasty of India 1150 – 1164 [43]
Vladimir the Great Prince of Novgorod 970 – 988 [44]
Prince of Kyiv 978 – 1015
Vytautas Grand Duke of Lithuania 1392 – 1430 [45]
Emperor Wu of Han Emperor of Han China, from whose reign dynasty the Chinese majority people are named 141 BC – 87 BC
Xerxes I Fourth Shahanshah of Persia, Achaemenid Empire (in present-day Iran) 486 BC – 465 BC [46]
Yuknoom Ch'een II Maya king of Kaan 636 – 686 [47]
Zayed Bin Khalifa Ruler of Abu Dhabi 1855 – 1909 [48]
Zayn al-Abidin the Great Sultan of Kashmir 1418 – 1419, 1420 – 1470 [49]

Aristocrats

[edit]
Name Description Dates Ref.
Alain I of Albret French aristocrat 1440 – 1522
Amadeus V of Savoy Count of Savoy 1249 – 1323
Arnulf I, Count of Flanders Count of Flanders 893 – 964 [50]
Atenulf I of Capua Prince of Capua ? – c. 910
Bogislaw X Duke of Pomerania 1454 – 1523
Bruno Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia 925 – 965 [51]
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Duke of Savoy 1562 – 1630
Charles III, Duke of Lorraine Duke of Lorraine 1543 – 1608
Conrad, Margrave of Meissen Margrave of Meissen 1097 – 1157 [52]
David III of Tao Prince of Tao 966 – 1001
Frederick II of Legnica Duke of Legnica, Brzeg, Wołów, Głogów, and Ziębice 1488 - 1547
Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg The German prince (house of Schauenburg); also ruled a large part of Denmark 1292 – 1340
Gero Ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe 900 – 965 [53]
Godfrey I of Louvain Count of Brussels and Leuven; Duke of Lower Lorraine; Langrave of Brabant 1060 – 1139
Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine Duke of Lorraine; count of Verdun; and margrave of Antwerp 967 – 1044
Gurgen II of Tao Prince of Tao 918 – 941
Hanno I the Great Carthaginian politician and military leader 4th century BC
Hanno II the Great Carthaginian aristocrat, general, and politician 3rd century BC [54]
Hanno III the Great Carthaginian politician 2nd century BC [55][56]
Henry I, Duke of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy 946 – 1002
Henry V of Luxembourg Count of Luxembourg 1216 – 1281
Hugh the Great Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks 898 – 956 [57]
Hugh, Count of Vermandois Count of Vermandois 1057 – 1101
Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany Margrave of Tuscany 953/954 – 1001
Humphrey I de Bohun Anglo-Norman aristocrat ? – 1123
Intef the Elder Nomarch of Thebes ? – c. 2135 BC [58]
Matthew II of Montmorency Lord of Montmorency 1189 – 1230
Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria Ruler of Bavaria 1573 – 1651
Milo I of Montlhéry Lord of Montlhéry 1095 – 1102
Odo the Great Duke of Aquitaine ? – 735 [59]
Pompey Military and political leader of the late Roman Republic 106 BC – 48 BC [60]
Ralph IV of Valois Count of Valois, Bar, Vexin, Vitry, Amiens, Montdidier and Tardenois 1025 – 1074 [61]
Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona Count of Barcelona, Provence, and various other counties 1082 – 1131
Robert I, Count of Dreux Count of Dreux 1123 – 1188
Roger-Bernard II, Count of Foix Count of Foix 1223 – 1241
Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury Earl of Shrewsbury and Arundel ? – 1094
Roger I of Sicily Count of Sicily c. 1030 – 1101
Świętopełk II the Great Duke of Gdańsk Pomerania ? – 1266 [62]
Theobald II, Count of Champagne Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie 1090 – 1151
William I, Count of Burgundy Count of Burgundy and Mâcon 1020 – 1087
William V, Duke of Aquitaine Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou 969 – 1030 [63]

Civil servants

[edit]
Name Description Dates Ref.
Koca Davud Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1482 – 1497) 1446 – 1498
Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1653 – 1654) d. 1655
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1839 – 1841) 1769 – 1855
Koca Mehmed Ragıp Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1757 – 1763) 1698 – 1763
Mustafa Reşid Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1846 – 1848, 1848 – 1852, 1852, 1854–1855, 1856–1857, 1857 – 1858) 1800 – 1858
Koca Mustafa Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1511 – 1512) d. 1512
Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1429 – 1438) d. 1439
Koca Sinan Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1580 – 1582, 1589 – 1591, 1593 – 1595, 1595, 1595 – 1596) 1506 – 1596
Mimar Sinan Chief architect of the Ottoman Empire 1488 – 1588
Koca Yusuf Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1786 – 1789, 1791 – 1792) 1730 – 1800

Military

[edit]
Name Description Dates Ref.
Afonso de Albuquerque Portuguese general, statesman and empire builder 1453 – 1515 [64]
Melias Byzantine general of Armenian origin, called "Mleh the Great" in Armenian sources 10th century [65]
Prokop the Great Hussite general in Bohemia 1380 – 1434 [66]

Religious figures

[edit]

Christian

[edit]
Name Description Dates Ref.
Abraham Kidunaia Hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia ? – 366 [67]
Abraham the Great of Kashkar Monk and saint of the Church of the East 492 – 586
Albertus Magnus Medieval German philosopher and theologian 1193/1206 – 1280 [68]
Anthony the Great Early Christian saint of Egypt 251 – 356 [69]
Arsenius the Great Roman anchorite saint in Egypt 354 – 445
Athanasius of Alexandria Early Christian saint and bishop of Alexandria 296 – 373 [70]
Babai the Great Assyrian church leader 551 – 628
Basil of Caesarea Greek bishop and theologian 330 – 379 [71]
Bertin Frankish Abbot of a monastery that was named after him after he died 615 – 709
Bruno the Great Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section) 925 – 965 [72]
Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria Coptic Orthodox Church pope ? – 454
Euthymius the Great Abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint 377 – 473
Gertrude the Great German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint 1256 – 1302 [73]
Pope Gregory I Roman Catholic pope 540 – 604 [74]
Hilarion Ancient Roman anchorite and Orthodox and Roman Catholic saint 291 – 371
Hugh of Cluny Abbot of Cluny 1024 – 1109
Isaac of Armenia Armenian Catholicos c.354 – 439
James, son of Zebedee[Note 1] One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ 3 – 44 [75]
Joannicius the Great Byzantine hermit, theologian and saint 752 – 846 [76]
Pope John Paul II Roman Catholic pope 1920 – 2005 [77][78][79][80]
Pope Leo I Roman Catholic pope 391 or 400 – 461 [81]
Macarius of Egypt Egyptian hermit 300 – 391 [82]
Michael the Great Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church 1126 – 1199 [83]
Nerses I Armenian Catholicos ? – 373
Pope Nicholas I Roman Catholic pope 800 – 867 [84]
Photius I of Constantinople Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople 810 – 893 [85]
Severus of Antioch Oriental Orthodox saint and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church 459/465 – 538
Shenoute Oriental Orthodox saint and abbot of the White Monastery c.348 – 465
Sisoes the Great An early desert father, a solitary monk pursuing asceticism in the Egyptian desert in a cave of Anthony the Great ? – 429
William of Maleval Founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites ? - 1157

Jewish

[edit]
Name Description Dates Ref.
Aharon of Karlin (I) Hasidic rabbi 1736 – 1772 [86]
Eliezer ben Hurcanus Rabbi in Judea 1st century [87][88]
Hiyya the Great Rabbi in Judea 3rd century [89]

Legendary and mythological figures

[edit]
Name Description Ref.
Ajax the Great Greek hero in the Iliad [90]
Beli Mawr In medieval Welsh mythology and literature [91]
Belinus Legendary king of the Britons
Boyi Tribal leader of the Longshan [92]
Fergus Mór Semi-mythical king of Dál Riata
Gradlon Semi-mythical king of Cornouaille
Hayk Legendary founder and patriarch of the Armenian nation [93]
Phrom Legendary king of Singhanavati Realm [94]
Yu the Great (c. 2200–2100 BC) Legendary ruler in ancient China [95][96]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In this case James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James the Lesser, with greater meaning older or taller, rather than more important.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ In a clay cylinder (online Archived 22 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine). The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine).
  2. ^ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
  3. ^ Monika Khanna (2011). Ashoka, the Great: The Great Reformist Emperor of India. Farsight Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-89297-75-6.
  4. ^ Savory, Roger M. "ʿAbbās I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  5. ^ "Most Powerful Kings in the World". Banglorejobs.
  6. ^ "Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar (Akbar the Great)". British Museum.
  7. ^ Savory, R. M. (13 July 2011). "ʿABBĀS I". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 71–75. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  8. ^ Flora Shaw (23 December 2010). A Tropical Dependency: An Outline of the Ancient History of the Western Soudan with an Account of the Modern Settlement of Northern Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-108-02492-1.
  9. ^ "Barnim III Wielki". PWN.pl. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  10. ^ "Książę wołogoski i słupski Bogusław V Wielki (1317–1374)". Zamek Książąt Pomorskich w Szczecinie.
  11. ^ Patrick J. Geary (2010). Readings in Medieval History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 642–. ISBN 978-1-4426-0120-8.
  12. ^ Asiatic Society of Bengal (1840). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. p. 533.
  13. ^ Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat (1982). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p. 298. ISBN 9789004067127.
  14. ^ Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (15 January 2015). FACTS ABOUT KOREA: South korea, Past and Present. 길잡이미디어. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-89-7375-584-4.
  15. ^ Bracey, Robert (2017). "The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1-41)". Indian Historical Review. 44: 1–41.
  16. ^ Bury, J. B. (1958) [1889]. "Chapter X: the reign of Leo I". History of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 323, note 1. ISBN 978-0-486-14338-5. After the coronation of the child the two Leos would be distinguished as Λέων ὁ Μέγας and Λέων ὁ Μικρός, and this I believe, must be the origin of the designation of Leo as "the Great"; just as reversely Theodosius II. was called "the Small," because in his infancy he had been known as ὁ μικρός βασιλεύς to distinguish him from Arcadius. Leo never did anything which could conceivably earn him the title of Great in the sense in which it was bestowed by posterity on Alexander or Constantine.
  17. ^ Nowé, 174.
  18. ^ Daryaee, Touraj (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019.
  19. ^ Sack, Ronald H. (2004). Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a Legend (2nd Revised and Expanded ed.). Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 1-57591-079-9., p. 41
  20. ^ Lloyd, John Edward (2004). A History of Wales: From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest. Barnes & Noble. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7607-5241-8.
  21. ^ Datta, Nonica (2003). Indian History: Ancient and medieval. Vol. 1. Mumbai: Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) and Popular Prakashan. p. 220. ISBN 8179910679.
  22. ^ Vjekoslav Klaić (1972). Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX stoljeća. Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske. p. 129.
  23. ^ Sulak Sivaraksa (1985). Siamese Resurgence: A Thai Buddhist Voice on Asia and a World of Change. Asian Cultural Forum on Development. p. 175.
  24. ^ "Ramses". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Wiley Publishing. 2004. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  25. ^ Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. [page needed]
  26. ^ "Sargon inscriptions". cdli.ucla.edu.
  27. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 276.
  28. ^ Günter Dreyer: "Horus Krokodil: Ein Gegenkönig der Dynastie 0". In: Renee Friedman, Barbara Adams: The Followers of Horus: Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1949–1990. Oxford 1992, ISBN 0-946897-44-1, pp. 259–263.
  29. ^ Peter Kaplony: Die Inschriften der ägyptischen Frühzeit. Bd. 2 (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen. Bd. 8, 2). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1963, p. 1090.
  30. ^ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7456-3356-5.
  31. ^ R. J. Crampton (24 November 2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-139-44823-9.
  32. ^ Walker, Robin; Millar, Siaf (1999), The West African Empire of Songhai in 10 Easy Lessons By Robin Walker, Siaf Millar, Concept Learning, ISBN 9781903181003, retrieved 5 June 2021
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  34. ^ Gerald W. Fry; Gayla S. Nieminen; Harold E. Smith (8 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of Thailand. Scarecrow Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-8108-7525-8.
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  36. ^ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 506. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
  37. ^ Ghazarian, Jacob G. The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393).
  38. ^ "Ancient Egypt's Greatest Warrior: TuthmosIs The 3rd - Egypt's Napoleon (Full History Documentary)". dokus4free. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  39. ^ Manaseryan, Ruben (2007). Տիգրան Մեծ՝ Հայկական Պայքարը Հռոմի և Պարթևաստանի Դեմ, մ.թ.ա. 94–64 թթ. [Tigran the Great: The Armenian Struggle Against Rome and Parthia, 94–64 B.C.] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Lusakan Publishing. p. needed.
  40. ^ Beate Dignas; Engelbert Winter (13 September 2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–. ISBN 978-0-521-84925-8.
  41. ^ Lester B. Orfield (1953). The Growth of Scandinavian Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-58477-180-7.
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  45. ^ Giedrė Mickūnaitė (2006). Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania. Central European University Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-963-7326-58-5.
  46. ^ Jacob Abbott (1850). History of Xerxes the Great. Harper & Brothers, publishers.
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  50. ^ "Arnulf I, Count of Flanders". British Museum.
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  52. ^ "Konrad Markgraf von Meißen und der Niederlausitz". ADB. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  53. ^ Thompson, 486. Also see Lexikon des Mittelalters. Archived 1 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ Who's Who in The Roman World, Routledge retrieved 15 March 2011
  55. ^ Picard, Life and Death of Carthage (1968), at 264, 286.
  56. ^ Cf., Warmington, Carthage (1960, 1964), at 119.
  57. ^ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, Trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993), pp.250–1
  58. ^ "Stela of the Gatekeeper Maati". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  59. ^ Melville M. Bigelow, "The Bohun Wills," American Historical Review, 1:3 (1896), 415.
  60. ^ JmLeach, John. Pompey the Great'). p. 29.
  61. ^ Bautier, Robert-Henri (1985). "Anne de Kiev, reine de France, et la politque royale au XIe siècle: Étude critique de la documentation". Revue des études slaves. 57 (4): 539–64. doi:10.3406/slave.1985.5520.
  62. ^ Januszajtis, Andrzej. "Sławni Gdańszczanie: Świętopełk II Wielki". Nasz Gdańsk.
  63. ^ Bachrach, Bernard S. (1993). Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul, 987–1040. University of California Press.
  64. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (1 May 2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9.
  65. ^ The name comes from Arabic malīh meaning "beautiful", "fine". Melias is probably the Malikh al-Armani of Arab chroniclers. Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California. p. 315. ISBN 0520204964.
  66. ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Procopius, Andrew" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  67. ^ Butler, Alban. "St. Abraham, Hermit", The Lives of the Saints, Vol.III, 1866
  68. ^ Weisheipl, James A. (1980), "The Life and Works of St. Albert the Great", in Weisheipl, James A. (ed.), Albertus Magnus and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays, Studies and texts, vol. 49, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, p. 46, ISBN 978-0-88844-049-5
  69. ^ Endsjø, Dag Øistein (2008). Primordial landscapes, Incorruptible Bodies. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4331-0181-6.
  70. ^ Clifford, Cornelius. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Athanasius". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  71. ^ Bowersock et al. (1999), p.336
  72. ^ Religious Drama and Ecclesiastical Reform in the Tenth Century, James H. Forse, Early Theatre, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2002), 48.
  73. ^ "Bossert, Sr. Evangela. "St. Gertrude of Helfta", Monastery of St. Gertrude, Cottonwood, Idaho". Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  74. ^ Huddleston, Gilbert (1909). "Pope St. Gregory I ("the Great")" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him. See John Moorhead, Gregory the Great, (Routledge, 2005), p1
  75. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. James the Greater".
  76. ^ Treadgold, Warren (January 2002). "Photius Before His Patriarchate". Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 53: 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0022046901008727. S2CID 162542349 – via Cambridge.
  77. ^ "John Paul the Great Catholic University". Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  78. ^ "Our History". Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  79. ^ "John Paul the Great Academy – Lafayette, LA". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  80. ^ Beabout, Gregory; Carter, Daniel. "Two Cheers for Democracy from St. John Paul the Great: Rhonheimer, Kraynak, and the Unfinished Agenda of Dignitatis Humanae". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  81. ^ Davis, SJ, Leo Donald (1990). The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21). Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press. pp. 342. ISBN 978-0-8146-5616-7.
  82. ^ "Μνήμη τοῦ ὁσίου πατρός ἠμῶν Μακαρίου τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου τοῦ ἀναχωρητοῦ" [Our father Makarios of Egypt the Anchorite, of blessed memory]. Apostoliki Diakonia: Eorlogio (in Greek). Apostoliki Diakonia (Apostolic Auxiliary) of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  83. ^ Wright, A short history of Syriac literature, p.250, n.4, referencing Bar Hebraeus, Chron. Eccles., vol. 1, 537.
  84. ^ Will Durant. The Age of Faith. New York, New York, USA: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Chapter 21: Christianity in Conflict, p. 517-51
  85. ^ White, Despina Stratoudaki (1981). "The Life of Patriarch Photios". Patriarch Photios of Constantinople, His Life, Scholarly Contributions, and Correspondence, Together with a Translation of Fifty-two of His Letters. Holy Cross Orthodox Press. ISBN 978-0-91658626-3. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  86. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "AARON BEN JACOB OF KARLIN". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  87. ^ Pirkei Avot 2:8; Avot of Rabbi Natan 6:3
  88. ^ Avot of Rabbi Natan 14:5
  89. ^ "HIYYA BAR ABBA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  90. ^ "Salamis The Island" Salamis The Island – Salamina Municipality – Greek Island
  91. ^ Delamarre, Xavier. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Editions Errance, Paris, 2003, pp. 70–72.
  92. ^ Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian. Translated by William H. Nienhauser as The Grand Scribe's Records: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China. Indiana University Press, 1994.
  93. ^ Gōsh, Mkhitʻar (2000). The Lawcode (Datastanagirk') of Mxit'ar Goš. Rodopi. p. 112. ISBN 9789042007901. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  94. ^ ""ตำนานพระเจ้าพรหม" วีรบุรุษของโยนกล้านนา" ["King Phrom Legend" hero of Singhanavati Lanna Kingdom]. Chiangmainews (in Thai). 8 January 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  95. ^ Wang Quangen 王泉根, (1993). Huaxia Quming Yishu 華夏取名藝術. (Taipei: Zhishu-fang Chuban Jituan 知書房出版集團), 42.
  96. ^ Siam Qi. Records of the Grand Historian. Translated by William H. Nienhauser as The Grand Scribe's Records: The Basic Annals of Antiquity. Indiana University Press, 1994.
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