List of town walls in England and Wales

Model of Worcester city walls as they were in 1250, viewed from the north, based on archaeological and historical data available in 2000.
Model of Caernarfon showing the town walls and Caernarfon Castle (right) shortly after their completion in the 13th century, as viewed from the west
Model of Conwy showing the town walls and Conwy Castle (right) after completion in the 13th century

This list of town walls in England and Wales describes the fortified walls built and maintained around these towns and cities from the 1st century AD onwards. The first town walls were built by the Romans, following their conquest of Britain in 43 AD. The Romans typically initially built walled forts, some of which were later converted into rectangular towns, protected by either wooden or stone walls and ditches. Many of these defences survived the fall of the Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries, and were used in the unstable post-Roman period. The Anglo-Saxon kings undertook significant planned urban expansion in the 8th and 9th centuries, creating burhs, often protected with earth and wood ramparts. These burh walls sometimes utilised older Roman fortifications, and themselves frequently survived into the early medieval period.

The Norman invaders of the 11th century initially focused on building castles to control their new territories, rather than town walls to defend the urban centres, but by the 12th century many new town walls were built across England and Wales, typically in stone. Edward I conquered North Wales in the late 13th century and built a number of walled towns as part of a programme of English colonisation. By the late medieval period, town walls were increasingly less military in character and more closely associated with civic pride and urban governance: many grand gatehouses were built in the 14th and 15th centuries. The English Civil War in 1640s saw many town walls pressed back into service, with older medieval structures frequently reinforced with more modern earthwork bastions and sconces. By the 18th century, however, most town walls were falling into disrepair: typically they were sold off and demolished, or hidden behind newer buildings as towns and cities expanded.

In the 20th century there was a resurgence in historical and cultural interest in these defences. Those towns and cities that still had intact walls renovated them to form tourist attractions. Some of Edward I's town walls in North Wales were declared part of the internationally recognised UNESCO World Heritage Site. Urban redevelopment has frequently uncovered new remnants of the medieval walls, with archaeological work generating new insights into the Roman and Anglo-Saxon defences.

List

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Place County Date built Condition Image Notes
Abergavenny Monmouthshire Masonry fragments A small Norman wall was built around the town in the 11th century, linked to Abergavenny Castle. The Norman wall was demolished in the 12th century and a new stone wall was built in the late 13th century, approximately 350 by 215 metres (1,100 ft × 710 ft). This was destroyed by the modern period.
Aberystwyth Ceredigion Vestiges A small section of the medieval walls still remain near the castle on the seafront.
Alnwick Northumberland Two gatehouses survive The walls were built in the 15th century to protect Alnwick against border instability and raiding, and commemorated the powerful local Percy family, who controlled the local castle.[1][2]
Bath Somerset Fragmentary remains Bath's first walls were built by the Romans. The Anglo-Saxons established a fortified burh at Bath, utilising the existing walls, and they were further strengthened during the medieval period. Parts of one medieval gatehouse still survive.[3][4]
Beaumaris Anglesey Vestiges The town was captured by Owain Glyndŵr in 1400. Once recaptured by English forces, a stone wall with three gates was built around the town, and maintained until the late 17th century.[5][6]
Berwick-upon-Tweed Northumberland Substantially intact The first walls built in the early 14th century under Edward I were 2 mi (3.2 km) long. Replaced in 1560 by a set of Italian-inspired walls with 5 large stone bastions, the walls are today the best-preserved post-medieval town defences in England.[7]
Beverley East Riding of Yorkshire One gatehouse survives 12th century Beverley was protected by a "great ditch" rather than a stone wall. In the early 15th century 3 brick gatehouses were built; more ditches and other fortifications were later added, but these failed to protect the town during the Civil War.[8][9]
Bolsover Derbyshire Probably 11th or 12th century. Vestiges Bank and ditch rampart, approximately 8m in width at the base and varying between 3m and 2m in height.[10]
Brecon Powys Vestiges Originally constructed by Humphrey de Bohun after 1240, the walls were built of stone, with 4 gatehouses and 10 semi-circular bastions. They were largely destroyed during the Civil War.[11][12]
Bridgnorth Shropshire Vestiges Bridgnorth's town walls were initially constructed in timber between 1216 and 1223; murage grants allowed them to be upgraded to stone between the 13th and 15th centuries including 5 gates.
Bristol Bristol Fragmentary remains The fine St John's Gate is built into the Church of St John the Baptist under its spire; the line of the walls is walkable.[13]
Caerleon Newport Fragmentary remains [14]
Caernarfon Gwynedd 1283–92 Largely intact Constructed by Edward I at a cost of £3,500, alongside the castle, the walls are 2,408 ft (734 m) long and include eight towers and two gatehouses. Today they form part of the UNESCO world heritage site administered by Cadw.[15][16]
Caerwent Monmouthshire Substantial remains [17]
Canterbury Kent 3rd-16th centuries Substantial remains First built by the Romans in the 3rd century, retained by the Anglo-Saxons, the walls were rebuilt in the late 14th century owing to fears of a French invasion and feature early gunports. Over half of the original circuit, with 17 out of 24 towers, survives.[18]
Cardiff Cardiff 12th-15th centuries Vestiges First recorded in 1111, the walls were 1.28 mi (2.06 km) long and 10 ft (3.0 m) high with 5 town gates. Sections collapsed in the 18th century, many stones being reused as building material. The last large section was demolished in 1901. One of the town gates remains just west of the castle, the "West Gate".[19]
Carlisle Cumbria Substantial remains [20]
Castle Acre Norfolk Fragmentary remains [21]
Chepstow Monmouthshire Substantial remains A late thirteenth century stone wall constructed for the twin purposes of defence and tax collection.[22]
Chester Cheshire 70 AD–12th century Largely intact Chester's walls were originally built by the Romans between 70 and 80 AD and were used by the burh in 907. The Norman walls were extended to the west and the south to form a complete circuit, which now provides a walkway of about 2 mi (3.2 km).[23][24]
Chichester West Sussex Substantial remains [25]
Cirencester Gloucestershire 3rd–4th century Vestiges Remnants of the stone walls of the Roman town of Corinium Dobunnorum are visible in the Abbey Grounds.[26]
Colchester Essex Substantial remains The walls were built between 65 and 80 AD after the destruction of the town by Boudicca, and they continued in use until after the Siege of Colchester in 1648. Two large stretches survive on the west and north sides and a number of fragments are visible along the rest of the circuit nearly 2 miles (3.2 kilometres). The Balkerne Gate is the most complete Roman gateway in the United Kingdom.[27]
Conwy Conwy Largely intact Constructed between 1283 and 1287 after the foundation of Conwy by Edward I, the walls are 0.8 mi (1.3 km) long, with 21 towers and 3 gatehouses, and formed an integrated system of defence alongside Conwy Castle.[28][29]
Coventry West Midlands 1350s–1534 Fragmentary remains With its walls nearly 2.2 mi (3.5 km) around and 12 ft (3.7 m) high, with 32 towers and 12 gatehouses, repaired during the 1640s, Coventry was described as being the best-defended city in England outside London.[30][31]
Cowbridge Vale of Glamorgan Substantial remains [32]
Cricklade Wiltshire Fragmentary remains [33]
Denbigh Denbighshire Substantial remains [34]
Dover Kent Vestiges Medieval town walls, probably 14th century in date. No structures survive above ground. Tablets mark the sites of Snar Gate, Cow Gate, and Biggin Gate. During building clearance in 1962, foundations of the town wall were encountered along the south side of Townwall Street.[35][36]
Durham County Durham Fragmentary remains [37]
Exeter Devon Substantial remains Exeter's walls survive as a circuit approximately 2.35 km long, of which 72% (1,705m) is still visible, some parts up to 2.5m high. Originally built by the Romans in circa 200 AD, there were four gateways which were dismantled in the 18th and 19th centuries. The walls were repaired and rebuilt during the Anglo-Saxon, medieval and Civil War periods and the city was besieged at least twice. Several turrets and bastions in the wall are of uncertain date.[38]
Frome Somerset Pre 1730 Substantial Remains Old Town Wall Saxonvale, Frome One of Frome's most ancient structures, the Old Town Wall, runs along from Bath Street through into upper Saxonvale below Lidl, whilst the Old Slaughterhouse facade with its blocked in coach arches and mixture of dressed and rubble stone sections is architecturally of significance in assessing the surviving fabric of previous barton buildings.[39]
Gloucester Gloucestershire Roman and medieval Vestiges Foundations of 11th and 13th century East Gate visible through glass panels in Eastgate Street.[40] Another fragment of Roman wall is visible in the City Museum.[41]
Great Yarmouth Norfolk Substantial remains [42]
Hartlepool County Durham Substantial remains [43]
Hastings East Sussex Vestiges [44]
Haverfordwest Pembrokeshire Vestiges [45]
Hay-on-Wye Powys Vestiges [46]
Hereford Herefordshire Fragmentary remains [47]
Horncastle Lincolnshire Circa 300 AD Fragmentary remains Perhaps part of a 4th-century Roman coastal defence system. Remnants of all four walls and a circular bastion survive.[48]
Ilchester Somerset Vestiges [49]
Kidwelly Carmarthenshire Substantial remains [50]
Kings Lynn Norfolk Fragmentary remains [51]
Kingston upon Hull East Riding of Yorkshire 14th century Vestiges Built of brick in the 14th century, with 4 main gates and up to 30 towers, the walls were maintained until the early 1700s. They were demolished during the building of the docks, beginning in the 1770s.[52]
Langport Somerset Fragmentary remains [53]
Launceston Cornwall Substantial remains [54]
Lewes East Sussex Vestiges [55]
Lincoln Lincolnshire Fragmentary remains [56]
London London Fragmentary remains Built by the Romans and maintained until the 18th century, nearly 3 mi (4.8 km) long, the wall defined the boundaries of the City of London with the Thames to the south. Short sections remain near the Tower of London and in the Barbican area.[57]
Ludlow Shropshire 1233–1317 Fragmentary remains Built to defend this Welsh Marches market town, the walls remain in sections, as does the Broad Gate (shown in photo). The large Ludlow Castle is now a ruin but with substantial remains.[58]
Malmesbury Wiltshire Vestiges [59]
Monmouth Monmouthshire 13th–15th century[60] Only the Monnow Bridge gate survives Originally formed a circuit wall with four gatehouses, none of which survive. The fortified Monnow bridge still remains, the only surviving medieval bridge gate in the UK.[61]
Newark-on-Trent Nottinghamshire Vestiges [62]
Newcastle upon Tyne Tyne and Wear Substantial remains Built during the 13th and 14th centuries the wall was about 2 mi (3.2 km) long, 6.5 ft (2.0 m) thick and 25 ft (7.6 m) high, with 6 main gates. The town was successfully defended twice; but during the Civil War the wall was breached using mines and artillery.[63]
Northampton Northamptonshire 11th–17th century Destroyed by Royal order in 1662[64]
Norwich Norfolk Fragmentary remains
Nottingham Nottinghamshire 1267-1334 Vestiges A fragment of the wall is visible in a hotel complex near Chapel Bar.[65]
Oxford Oxfordshire Fragmentary remains [66]
Pembroke Pembrokeshire 11th - 13th century Castle and town walls largely intact A medieval town sitting atop a limestone peninsular linked to Pembroke Castle (1093). (Listed Ancient Monument).The walls are virtually intact on the north side along the River Pembroke together with the intact structure to the east that is Barnard's Tower (mini fortress). 75% of walls survive along the south side (The Commons) including a Lime-kiln, Gun Platform, two towers, the top of one surmounted by a Gazebo. All the walls are listed and many buildings on the wall and in the town are listed Ancient Monuments. The burgage plots within the town are divided by medieval stone walls and are of national importance.The mighty Pembroke Castle sits at the Western tip of the peninsular.The walk around the castle and town walls is some 1.5 miles.[67]
Poole Dorset Vestiges [68]
Portsmouth Hampshire 14th–18th century Fragmentary remains First constructed of earth and timber, probably in the late 14th century,[69] the walls were repeatedly repaired and rebuilt until the mid 18th century. They were largely removed in the 1870s and 80s.[69]
Richmond North Yorkshire Fragmentary remains [70]
Rochester Kent Fragmentary remains [71]
Rye, East Sussex East Sussex Substantial remains [72]
Salisbury Wiltshire 14/15th century Fragments and one gatehouse North Gate Salisbury 2 (5690859348) North Gate. Two-storey building over and around north entrance to the Cathedral Close.
Sandwich Kent Fragmentary remains [73]
Shrewsbury Shropshire 13th–14th century Fragmentary remains Begun in the 13th century after attacks by the Welsh, adding to the natural defences of the Severn, the walls were strengthened by the Royalists during the Civil War. A medieval watch tower and short sections remain, notably along the street named Town Walls.[74]
Silchester Hampshire 3rd century Substantial remains The Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum was abandoned around the 5th or 6th century. Much of the walls survive, the area within them largely farmland.[75]
Southampton Hampshire Half the medieval circuit survives Built after French raids in 1338, the walls were 1.25 mi (2.01 km) long, with 29 towers and 8 gates. They were amongst the first in England to have new technology installed to existing fortifications, with new towers built specifically to house cannon.[76]
Stafford Staffordshire Vestiges
Stamford Lincolnshire Fragmentary remains [77]
Swansea Swansea Vestiges [78]
Tenby Pembrokeshire Substantial remains [79]
Totnes Devon 14th century Fragmentary remains Remains include the Baste Walls, South Street and the Eastgate, which was greatly altered in the 19th century.[80]
Verulamium Hertfordshire 2nd-3rd century Fragmentary remains The site of the Roman town of Verulamium was abandoned when the later settlement of St. Albans was established nearby.[81]
Warkworth Northumberland Fragmentary remains [82]
Wareham Dorset 9th-11th century Substantial remains Earthwork defences first mentioned in 876 surround the town on the north, east and west sides; the south side is bounded by the River Frome. The West Walls were scarped against attack by tanks in 1940.[83]
Warwick Warwickshire Fragmentary remains [84]
Winchelsea East Sussex Substantial remains [85]
Winchester Hampshire Substantial remains [86]
Worcester Worcestershire 1st–12th century Vestiges First built by the Romans, the walls were extended by the Anglo-Saxons to create a walled burh. A longer circuit of stone walls was built in the late 12th century and further fortified during the Civil War.[87][88]
York North Yorkshire 3rd–14th century Largely intact 2.5 mi (4.0 km) long, enclosing an area of 263 acres,[89] the defences are the best preserved in England. On high ramparts, retaining all their main gateways,[90] the walls incorporate Roman, Norman and medieval work with modern renovations.[91]

See also

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Notes

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References

[edit]
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Bibliography

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