Tropical cyclones in Myanmar

Satellite image of Cyclone Nargis approaching landfall in Myanmar on May 2

At least 29 tropical cyclones have affected Myanmar, a country adjacent to the Bay of Bengal in mainland Southeast Asia. Myanmar has witnessed some of the deadliest storms in the Bay of Bengal, including Cyclone Nargis in May 2008, which struck the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta near Yangon. Its winds and storm surge killed an estimated 140,000 people and left nearly $10 billion in damage. The country's worst natural disaster in the 20th century was a cyclone in 1968, which killed more than 1,000 people when it hit Rakhine State in northwestern Myanmar. One of the most powerful storms to ever hit the country was Cyclone Mocha, which it moved ashore northwestern Myanmar in May 2023, killing at least 413 people.

Climatology

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On average, a tropical cyclone makes landfall on Myanmar every year, although before 2000, the average was once every three years.[1]

List of storms

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The list below contains all storms sorted by their year of formation.

Pre-1900

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1900s

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  • May 9, 1968 – A cyclone struck northwestern Myanmar near Sittwe, becoming the country's worst natural disaster at the time. The storm killed at least 1,037 people, and left 297,768 people homeless after the storm destroyed more than 57,000 houses.[2][3][4][5]
  • November 1989 – Cyclone Gay
  • May 19, 1992 – A cyclonic storm struck Rakhine State, killing at least 27 people. The storm destroyed 433 homes and also killed many livestock.[6][7]
  • November 21, 1992 – Cyclone Forrest made landfall in Rakhine State with winds of 155–175 km/h (96–109 mph).[8]
  • May 2, 1994 – A powerful cyclone hit southeastern Bangladesh, killing 17 people in Myanmar. The storm damaged or destroyed 8,872 houses, as well as dozens of schools and hospitals, with damage estimated at K60 million (US$10 million).[9]
  • November 25, 1995 - A cyclonic storm struck southeastern Bangladesh and later moved into northern Myanmar, damaging crops in Rakhine State.[10][11]
  • October 25, 1999 - A developing cyclonic storm brushed southwestern Myanmar, killing 10 people and displacing 10,000 families.[12]

2000s

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Satellite image of the 2004 cyclone that struck the country
  • May 11, 2002 – A deep depression made landfall just east of Yangon, producing winds of 47 km/h (29 mph).[13]
  • May 18, 2002 – A tropical depression struck Rakhine State, according to the Thai Meteorological Department.[13]
  • May 19, 2003 – A cyclonic storm struck western Myanmar near Kyaukpyu, bringing heavy rainfall.[14][15]
  • May 19, 2004 – An extremely severe cyclonic storm made landfall in Rakhine State with winds of 165 km/h (105 mph).[16] Officially, there were 236 deaths in the country, although there were unconfirmed reports of a death toll as high as 1,000. Damage totaled over K621 million kyat ($99.2 million USD).[17][18] On May 27, the Myanmar government issued a rare appeal for aid to the international community in response to damage from the storm.[19]
  • April 29, 2006 – Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala hit Rakhine State, killing 37 people.[20]
  • May 15, 2007 – Cyclone Akash produced storm surge flooding in Rakhine State after it struck Bangladesh.[21] including 2 hectares (4.9 acres) of destroyed lands of shrimp farms.[22]
  • May 2, 2008 – Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis made landfall in the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta near Yangon, killing an estimated 140,000 people, making it among the deadliest tropical cyclones on record, and becoming the country's worst natural disaster on record. The IMD estimated a landfall intensity of 165 km/h (105 mph) (3-minute sustained). Nargis also produced a 3.7 m (12 ft) storm surge. Myanmar was largely unprepared for the cyclone, lacking shelters and an early warning system. The cyclone damaged or destroyed more than 700,000 homes, leaving more than 1 million people homeless. Damage was estimated at over US$10 billion. In the ten years after the cyclone, Myanmar installed radar and observation stations while improving its early warning system.[23][24][25]
  • April 17, 2009 – A tropical depression, formerly Cyclone Bijli, struck Bangladesh, and later brought heavy rainfall to northern Myanmar.[26]
  • October 22, 2010 – Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri made landfall in Rakhine State, killing 157 people, with damage estimated at Ks.2.34 billion (US$359 million). About 53,000 people evacuated ahead of the storm.[27][28][29]
  • October 20, 2011 – A deep depression moved ashore near the border of Bangladesh and Myanmar. It dropped heavy rainfall, causing floods in northwestern Myanmar that killed 215 people.[30]
  • May 16, 2013 – A cyclonic storm, operationally named Mahasen and later renamed Viyaru, struck Bangladesh, bringing rainfall and high waves to northwestern Myanmar. Ahead of the storm, nearly 70,000 people evacuated.[31][32][33]
  • October 2013 – Phailin
  • July 30, 2015 – After forming near the coast of Bangladesh, Cyclone Komen moved back over land, bringing heavy rainfall to northwestern Myanmar after weeks of monsoonal floods. The storm killed 39 people and caused an estimated K1.942 trillion (US$1.51 billion) in damage.[34][35][36]
  • May 2016 – Roanu
  • August 20, 2016 – Tropical Depression Dianmu moved through northern Myanmar days after striking northern Vietnam.[37]
  • October 2016 – Kyant
  • April 16, 2017 – Cyclonic Storm Maarutha struck Rakhine State, becoming the first ever recorded April landfall in the country. Maarutha killed four people in Ayeyarwady Region.[38][39]
  • May 30, 2017 – Cyclone Mora struck southeastern Bangladesh, killing four people in Myanmar, including two from a tornado. Mora damaged or destroyed over 19,000 buildings.[40][41][42][43]
  • May 29, 2018 – A deep depression hit Rakhine State, causing winds and rains that destroyed more than 500 houses.[44][45]
Cyclone Mocha approaching western Myanmar in May 2023
  • March 22, 2022 – A deep depression moved ashore western Myanmar, becoming the first system to do so during April. It dropped heavy rainfall in the Coco Islands.[46]
  • May 20, 2022 – A depression struck southeastern Myanmar near Mawlamyine, bringing heavy rainfall to the region.[46]
  • May 14, 2023 – Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha made landfall just north of Sittwe with 3-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (135 mph).[47][48] Mocha killed at least 413 people in the country, with hundreds of people missing.[49]
  • September 8, 2024 – The remnants of Typhoon Yagi in the Pacific moved into the country, bringing rainfall and causing massive landslides across the country, killing 433 and leaving 79 others missing.

Climatological statistics

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Storms affecting Myanmar by month
Month Number of storms
March
1
April
3
May
15
June
0
July
1
August
1
October
5
November
3
Storms affecting Myanmar by period
Period Number of storms
1960s
1
1980s
1
1990s
5
2000s
8
2010s
11
2020s
3

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal".
  2. ^ "Killer cyclone". The Times. May 9, 1994. p. 8. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  3. ^ "Datebook for May 9, 1993". Vidette-Messenger of Porter County. May 9, 1993. p. 10. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  4. ^ "CYCLONE, BURMA DISASTER RELIEF, MAY 1968" (PDF). United States Agency for International Development (USAID). May 1968. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  5. ^ "Burma Cyclone Dead Said 800". The Lincoln Star. May 16, 1968. p. 15. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  6. ^ "Storm kills 27 persons in western Myanmar state". Yangon, Myanmar. Xinhua General News. May 27, 1992.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  7. ^ "27 killed by heavy storm in western Burma". Bangkok, Thailand. Agence France-Presse. May 26, 1992.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  8. ^ "1992 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  9. ^ Myanmar Cyclone May 1994 UN DHA Information Reports 1 – 2. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (Report). May 1994. ReliefWeb. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  10. ^ "The Rohingya Muslims: Ending a Cycle of Exodus?". Human Rights Watch. 8 (8). Burma Library. September 1996. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  11. ^ Report on cyclonic disturbances over north Indian Ocean during 1995 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. January 1996. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  12. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (30 October 1999). Orissa, India: Cyclone Information Bulletin No. 1 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  13. ^ a b Gary Padgett. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary – May 2002 (Report). Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  14. ^ Myo Theingi Cho (2003-06-01). "Cyclone brings an early monsoon". Myanmar Times. Vol. 9, no. 167. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
  15. ^ John Wallace (2003). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary May 2003". Gary Padgett. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
  16. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 2004 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. January 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
  17. ^ "Cyclone Nargis Update" (PDF). Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance. 2008-05-08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
  18. ^ Myanmar: Cyclone Rakhine Appeal No. 14/2004 Operations Update No. 1. International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (Report). ReliefWeb. 2004-06-08. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  19. ^ Myanmar: Storm OCHA Situation Report No. 1. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Report). ReliefWeb. 2004-05-27. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  20. ^ Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement and the Ministry of Education (2008). "Natural Disasters in Myanmar" (PDF). Guidance on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector, Myanmar – Rural Settings. Myanmar Information Management Unit. p. 16. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  21. ^ Nizam Ahmed; Nurul Islam; Aung Hla Tun (2007). "Tidal surge floods Bangladesh coastal villages". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  22. ^ The Daily Star (2007). "3 killed, 50 missing as cyclone Akash makes landfall". Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  23. ^ Ubydul Haque; Masahiro Hashizume; Korine N Kolivras; Hans J Overgaard; Bivash Das; Taro Yamamoto (March 16, 2011). "Reduced death rates from cyclones in Bangladesh: what more needs to be done?". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  24. ^ "10 years after, Cyclone Nargis still holds lessons for Myanmar". The Conversation. May 2, 2018. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  25. ^ Manon Besseta; Edward J. Anthony; Philippe Dussouilleza; Marc Goichotb (October–November 2017). "The impact of Cyclone Nargis on the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River delta shoreline and nearshore zone (Myanmar): Towards degraded delta resilience?". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 349 (6–7). Archived from the original on 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  26. ^ "Cyclone Bijli spares Myanmar, Bangladesh". The China Post. Associated Press. April 18, 2009. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2009.
  27. ^ "27 Were Killed in Cyclone, Myanmar Government Says". The New York Times. The Associated Press. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
  28. ^ Than Htike Oo (November 5, 2010). "Housing and livelihoods top priorities for Giri victims". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
  29. ^ "List of Damages and Deceased Caused by Cyclone Giri in Pauktaw Township". Narinjara. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  30. ^ Than Win Htut (October 24, 2011). "Burma flooding deaths top 200". Democratic Voice of Burma. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  31. ^ "Nearly 70,000 evacuated in Myanmar western state amid storm threat". Yangon, Myanmar. Xinhua General News. May 16, 2013. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  32. ^ Paul Vrieze; Htet Naing Zaw (May 16, 2013). "Cyclone Mahasen Misses Burma, Bringing Relief to Displaced Rohingyas". The Irrawaddy. Sittwe, Myanmar. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  33. ^ National Workshop on Enhanced and Unique Cyclonic Activity during 2013 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  34. ^ Cyclone Komen weakens, heavy rainfall continues across Myanmar. New Light of Myanmar (Report). ReliefWeb. July 31, 2015. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  35. ^ Disasters in Asia and the Pacific: 2015 Year in Review (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. March 10, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Myanmar: Post-disaster needs assessment of floods and landslides July - September 2015 (PDF) (Report). World Bank. November 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  37. ^ Tropical Storm Dianmu (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). September 21, 2016. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Cyclonic Storm,'Maarutha' over the Bay of Bengal (15-17April 2017): A Report" (PDF). April 19, 2017.
  39. ^ "4 killed as Cyclone Maarutha hits Irrawaddy Delta". May 31, 2017. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  40. ^ "After deadly tornado spawned by Mora, Rakhine State braces for more bad weather". August 30, 2017.
  41. ^ "Cyclone Mora: Urgent shelter needs in Bangladesh, Myanmar". The UN Refugy Agency. 2 June 2017.
  42. ^ "Cyclone Mora Wreaks Devastation Along Myanmar's West Coast, Killing One". Radio Free Asia. May 31, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  43. ^ "Cyclone Mora damaged or destroyed 20,000 houses in Burma". reliefweb. 2 June 2017.
  44. ^ Annual Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean in 2018 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. July 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  45. ^ "Strong wind destroys over 500 houses in Myanmar's Yangon region". Xinhua. May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  46. ^ a b Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 2022 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  47. ^ Alam, Julhas (14 May 2023). "Powerful Cyclone Mocha makes landfall in Myanmar, tearing off roofs and killing at least 3". AP News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  48. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01B (Mocha) Warning No. 15 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023. Alt URL
  49. ^ "Death toll seen rising in Myanmar's Rakhine state in aftermath of Cyclone Mocha". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
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