Medieval territories | Western and Northern Europe | - Frankish Empire
- Holy Roman Empire (Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Italy, Swiss Confederacy)
- Papal States
- Kingdom of Sicily
- Kingdom of Naples
- Republic of Venice
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Florence
- Duchy of Burgundy (Burgundian Netherlands)
- Crown of Castile (Kingdom of Asturias, Kingdom of León, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Galicia)
- Crown of Aragon (Kingdom of Aragon, Principality of Catalonia, Kingdom of Valencia, Kingdom of Majorca)
- Kingdom of Navarre
- Portugal (County and Kingdom of Portugal)
- Kingdom of England
- Kingdom of Scotland
- Lordship of Ireland
- al-Andalus (Caliphate of Córdoba, Taifa, Almoravids, Almohads, Emirate of Granada)
- Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
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Central, Eastern Europe and Near East | - Byzantine Empire
- Bulgarian Empire
- Croatia (Dalmatia, Pannonia, Kingdom of Croatia)
- Crusader states (Cyprus, Tripoli, Antioch, Edessa, Jerusalem)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (Banate of Bosnia, Kingdom of Bosnia)
- Ukraine (Kievan Rus', Kingdom of Rus', Principality of Chernigov)
- Russia (Rus' Khaganate, Novgorod Republic, Ryazan, Moscow)
- Serbia (Principality, Grand Principality, Kingdom, Empire, Lordship, Despotate)
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