Nefrusy

Nefrusy was an ancient Egyptian city which location is north of modern day cities of El Ashmunein and El Quseyya. It is known for being the site of Battle of Nefrusy between the forces of Kamose and Hyksos forces, which saw the first attested use of chariots in the history of Military of ancient Egypt.^[1]

History

In the Old Kingdom, Nefrusy is first attested in a tomb at Hebenu where Hathor, mistress of Nefrusy is mentioned.

In the Middle Kingdom, the place is mentioned several times in the tombs of Beni Hasan where Hathor, lady of Nefrusy is also mentioned. Hetepet, consort of the nomarch Amenemhet was a priestess of Hathor of Nefrusy.^[2] Under Teti son of Pepi, Nefrusy is described in the victory stela of Kamose as a 'nest of Asiatics'.^[3] Kamose destroyed Nefrusy on his campaign against the Hyksos.^[4]

In the New Kingdom, other mayors residing there were Iuno, Mahu, Iamunefer, Pahahauti are known by name.^[5]

Hieroglyphic Descriptor

nfrws(j)^[6]^[7]
in hieroglyphs

Era: Middle Kingdom
(2055–1650 BC)

nfrwsj^[6]^[7]
in hieroglyphs

Era: New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC)

nfrws(j)^[6]^[7]
in hieroglyphs

Era: 3rd Intermediate Period
(1069–664 BC)

nfr(w)s(t)^[6]
in hieroglyphs

Era: Late Period
(664–332 BC)

Modern Location

Its location has been suggested by Gaston Maspero to be at modern village of Etlidem 27 km (17 miles) south of Minya, and by Georges Daressy to be at modern village of Balansourah on the canal of Bahr Yussef 12 km (7.5 miles) west of Abu Qirqas.^[6]

References

^ Amstutz, L.J. (2015). Ancient Egypt. Minneapolis: ABDO Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 9781624035371.
^ Newberry, Percy E. (1893). Beni Hasan Vol. 1. London: Gilbert and Rivington Ltd. p. Plate XVIII. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament (3rd with supplement ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-691-03503-2.
^ James, T.G.H. (1965). Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 2, Part 1. ed. Edwards, I.E.S, et al. p. 291. Cambridge University Press.
^ Helck, Wolfgang (1958). Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs, Probleme der Ägyptologie. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill publishing. p. 224.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3. pp. 89–90.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1006.

Bibliography

Wilkinson, Toby. The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. Random House, New York, 2010. ISBN 978-0-679-60429-7
Ryholt, Kim SB. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, Copenhagen, 1997. ISBN 87-7289-421-0

[1] Amstutz, L.J. (2015). Ancient Egypt. Minneapolis: ABDO Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 9781624035371.

[2] Newberry, Percy E. (1893). Beni Hasan Vol. 1. London: Gilbert and Rivington Ltd. p. Plate XVIII. Retrieved 22 April 2020.

[3] Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament (3rd with supplement ed.). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-691-03503-2.

[4] James, T.G.H. (1965). Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 2, Part 1. ed. Edwards, I.E.S, et al. p. 291. Cambridge University Press.

[5] Helck, Wolfgang (1958). Zur Verwaltung des Mittleren und Neuen Reichs, Probleme der Ägyptologie. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill publishing. p. 224.

[Gauthier89-6] Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3. pp. 89–90.

[Budge1006-7] Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1006.

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