French
DeutschNinth Bridgewater Treatise
 Title page of the 2nd edition of the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise | |
| Author | Charles Babbage |
|---|---|
| Original title | The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A Fragment |
| Language | English |
| Genres | Philosophy |
| Published | 1838 |
| Publisher | John Murray, Albemarle Street, London |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | |
The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise was published by the mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage in 1837 as a response to the eight Bridgewater Treatises that the Earl of Bridgewater, Francis Henry Egerton, 8th Earl, had funded. The Bridgewater Treatises were written by eight scientists and purported "to lend scientific support to belief in the existence of deity."[1] Babbage was not one of the invited scientists, and the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise was thus an unauthorised continuation of the series.[2]
The book specifically responded to a quotation from William Whewell's volume in the original treatises, which stands as an epigraph on the title page of Babbage's book. Whewell dismissed "mechanical philosophers and mathematicians" as irrelevant in discussions of the universe. Babbage argued that on the contrary, his experience programming the analytical engine, an early computer, enabled him to conceive of God that might design a complex, programmed world.[3]
The book is a work of natural theology, an attempt to reconcile science and religion, and incorporates extracts from related correspondence of John Herschel with Charles Lyell.[4] Babbage put forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator.[5] Scholars have noted that Babbage's God resembles a computer programmer not unlike Babbage himself. Literary critic Lanya Lamouria summarises this point thus: "rather than meddle with creation, the deity has the supreme 'foresight' to encode apparent adaptations and deviations into the universe from the beginning."[2]
In the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, Babbage dealt with relating interpretations between science and religion; on the one hand, he insisted that "there exists no fatal collision between the words of Scripture and the facts of nature;" on the one hand, he wrote the Book of Genesis was not meant to be read literally in relation to geological terms. Against those who said these were in conflict, he wrote "that the contradiction they have imagined can have no real existence, and that whilst the testimony of Moses remains unimpeached, we may also can be permitted to confide in the testimony of our senses."[6]
Babbage dedicates a chapter to responding to philosopher David Hume, who in Of Miracles defined a miracle as "a violation of a law of nature". Rather than "deviations from the laws assigned by the Almighty" Babbage sees miracles as "the exact fulfilment of much more extensive laws than those we suppose to exist."[7] In Lanya Lamourias words Babbage reframes miracles as "events that follow preprogrammed rules that are too complex for human comprehension."[2]
Babbage proposes in the Treatise that the material world is a medium that records every sound uttered or action made. The world "is one vast library, on whose pages are for ever written all that man has ever said or woman whispered (...) the air we breathe is the never-failing historian of the sentiments we have uttered, earth, air and ocean, are the eternal witnesses of the acts we have done.”[7] Scholars have argued that this inspired Charles Dickens's and his portrayal as memory as collective in David Copperfield[2] and Edgar Allan Poe, whose character Agathos in "The Power of Word" claimed that these traces can be decoded mathematically.[8]
Seth Bullock argues that Babbage's description of his difference engine in the chapter on miracles is the first evolutionary simulation model. Babbage argues that the engine could be programmed to generate a series of numbers according to one law, then at a pre-defined point, this could switch to another law, leading to an apparent discontinuity that is actually preprogrammed. This countered a common argument that discontinuity in the geological record would be proof of divine intervention.[9] Natural theology arguments that attempted to reconcile science and religion in this way were common until Darwin's work on evolution.[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Gundry, D. W. (1946). "Historical Revision No. CX. The Bridgewater Treatises and Their Authors". History. 31 (114): 140–152.
- ^ a b c d Lamouria, Lanya (2023). "Charles Dickens, Charles Babbage, Richard Babley: Material Memory in David Copperfield". Dickens Quarterly. 40 (1): 64–82. doi:10.1353/dqt.2023.0003. ISSN 2169-5377.
- ^ Prendergast, Renee (2017). "Charles Babbage (1791–1871)". The Palgrave Companion to Cambridge Economics. London: Palgrave. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-137-41233-1.
Even Babbage's venture into theology in the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A Fragment (Babbage 1837 [1838]) was connected to his work on the Analytical Engine. Contrary to those who denied that mechanical philosophers and mathematicians had anything valuable to contribute on theological matters, Babbage argued that his work on the programmable Analytical Engine allowed him to conceive of an author of the universe who foresaw the varied yet necessary laws of its action throughout the whole of its existence.
- ^ Note I, in darwin-online.org.uk, Babbage, Charles. 1838. The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise. 2d edn. London: John Murray.
- ^ Topham, Jonathan R. (2022). Reading the Book of Nature: How Eight Best Sellers Reconnected Christianity and the Sciences on the Eve of the Victorian Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81576-3. OCLC 1298713346.
- ^ Babbage, Ninth Bridgewater Treatise. Chapter V. Further View of the same Subject. The Victorian Web.
- ^ a b Babbage, Charles (1838). The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise Ed. 2. pp. 92, 112.
- ^ Ehrlich, Heyward (2020). "Poe in Cyberspace: Taming the Wild Wild Web". The Edgar Allan Poe Review. 21 (2): 297. ISSN 2166-2932.
"For Whalen, Poe's ideas in "The Power of Words" were influenced by computer forerunner Charles Babbage: "For both Poe and Babbage . . . the universe is a vast material archive that contains a permanent record of all that has been said and done since the beginning of time" (259). In the Ninth Bridgewater Treatise (1837), Babbage described how vibrations were retained in the atmosphere: "The air is one vast library, on whose pages are forever written all that man has ever said, or woman whispered" (66). Poe's Agathos in "The Power of Word" claimed that these vibrations, left by thought, speech or motion, could be decoded by the mathematically astute by "tracing every impulse given the air—and the ether through the air—to the remotest consequences at any even infinitely remote epoch of time."
- ^ a b Bullock, Seth (2000). "What Can We Learn from the First Evolutionary Simulation Model?". In Bedau, Mark A.; Packard, Norman H.; Rasmussen, Steen (eds.). Artificial Life VII: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262522908.
Bibliography
[edit]- Hyman, Anthony (1985). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. Princeton University Press. pp. 136–142. ISBN 0-691-02377-8.
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