Owain Foel
Owain Foel | |
---|---|
![]() Owain Foel's name as it appears on folio 94v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College 139 (Historia regum Anglorum).[1] | |
King of Strathclyde | |
Predecessor | Owain ap Dyfnwal |
Issue | possibly Máel Coluim |
Father | possibly Máel Coluim |
Owain Foel (fl. 1018), also known as Owain Moel, Owain the Bald, Owen the Bald, and Eugenius Calvus, was an eleventh-century King of Strathclyde. He may have been a son of Máel Coluim, son of Dyfnwal ab Owain, two other rulers of the Kingdom of Strathclyde. Owain Foel is recorded to have supported the Scots at the Battle of Carham in 1018. Although it is possible that he died in the conflict, no source states as much, and it is uncertain when he died. Owain Foel may be an ancestor—perhaps the father—of a certain Máel Coluim who is described as the "son of the king of the Cumbrians" in the 1050s.
Parentage
[edit]Simplified pedigree of the Cumbrian royal dynasty. Owain Foel is highlighted. It is possible that all these men ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Owain Foel seems to have been a member of the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Strathclyde.[2] For much of the tenth century, the kingdom was ruled by Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde.[3] The chronology of Dyfnwal's apparent abdication is uncertain. He seems to have vacated the throne by the 970s. His apparent son, Rhydderch, may have briefly reigned as king, although no source states as much.[4] Certainly, English sources reveal that Dyfnwal's son, Máel Coluim, ruled in 973 whilst Dyfnwal was still alive.[5] Following Máel Coluim's death in 997, the kingship appears to have passed to a certain Owain ap Dyfnwal, a man who seems to have been yet another son of Dyfnwal.[6]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Domnaill_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_502%2C_folio_25r%29.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Domnaill_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_502%2C_folio_25r%29.jpg)
According to the "B" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century Annales Cambriæ, Owain ap Dyfnwal was slain in 1015.[8] This obituary is corroborated by the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts Brut y Tywysogyon[9] and Brenhinedd y Saesson.[10] Although the notices of Owain ap Dyfnwal's demise seem to indicate that he had been killed in battle, nothing is known of the circumstances.[11] Whilst it is possible that these records refer to Owain Foel himself,[12] Owain Foel clearly lived on years afterwards, and there is no reason to disregard the obituaries as erroneous. If the like-named men are indeed different people, they could well have been closely related, with the latter perhaps being a son of Owain ap Dyfnwal's brother, Máel Coluim.[2] The likelihood that there were indeed two contemporary Cumbrian rulers named Owain could account for Owain Foel's epithet (meaning "the bald").[13][note 1]
Battle of Carham
[edit]![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg)
In 1005, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda succeeded a kinsman as King of Alba.[16] One of this man's earliest royal acts was a strike against his embattled English counterpart, Æthelræd II, King of the English.[17] Unfortunately for the Scots, this invasion of Northumbria was utterly crushed by Uhtred, a young northern magnate who was made Earl of Northumbria as a result of his stalwart defence.[18] In the years that followed, Æthelræd's royal authority collapsed under a sustained Scandinavian onslaught until Knútr Sveinnsson attained the kingship of the entire English realm in 1016.[19]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Uhtred%2C_Earl_of_Northumbria_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_B_I%2C_folio_153r%29.jpg/220px-Uhtred%2C_Earl_of_Northumbria_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_B_I%2C_folio_153r%29.jpg)
It may have been the unfolding turmoil in the north of England that lured Máel Coluim mac Cináeda into another cross-border foray.[21] In the course of this invasion, Owain Foel campaigned alongside the Scots,[22] possibly as an ally[23] or vassal of his Scottish counterpart.[24] The operation culminated in the Battle of Carham, a conflict in which the two kings fought and defeated the English at Carham in 1018.[22] Although the battle is recorded by numerous sources,[25] Owain Foel's participation is specifically attested by the twelfth-century Historia regum Anglorum.[26] There is a degree of uncertainty as to the identity of the man who mounted the English defence. According to Historia regum Anglorum, Uhtred commanded the English forces.[27] A passage preserved by the ninth- to twelfth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, however, may indicate that this man had been slain two years beforehand, perhaps revealing that it was actually Uhtred's succeeding brother, Eadwulf Cudel, ruler of Bamburgh, who commanded the English troops.[28]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Domnaill_%28British_Library_MS_Cotton_Faustina_B_IX%2C_folio_9r%29.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1el_Coluim_mac_Domnaill_%28British_Library_MS_Cotton_Faustina_B_IX%2C_folio_9r%29.jpg)
The defeat inflicted upon the English seems to have confirmed the Scots' royal authority over Lothian and established the River Tweed as the southern frontier of their realm.[30] For Owain Foel and the Cumbrians, the successful outcome of the campaign would have probably meant a surplus of plunder: including cattle, slaves, and other valuables.[11] It is also possible that the territorial extent of the Cumbrian realm was enlarged by way of the Northumbrian defeat. For instance, a twelfth-century inquest of the landholdings of the Bishop of Glasgow—undertaken at a time when the realm had long since been absorbed by the Scots—appears to identify territories formerly encapsulated within the kingdom. The fact that this inquest included Teviotdale, an important part of what had been Northumbrian territory, could indicate that this region had been annexed by the Cumbrians as a result of the victory at Carham.[31][note 2]
Death and Cumbrian contraction
[edit]![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Giant%27s_Grave%2C_Penrith%2C_Cumbria_%28geograph_4876739%29.jpg/220px-The_Giant%27s_Grave%2C_Penrith%2C_Cumbria_%28geograph_4876739%29.jpg)
Owain Foel's death date is unknown. Although it is possible that he died at the battle,[43] or else soon after,[44] there is no specific evidence that he was indeed killed or mortally wounded.[45] In fact, he could well have lived and reigned long afterwards.[46] Whatever the case, it may have been upon his death that Máel Coluim mac Cináeda seized control of the kingdom.[47] If the latter had indeed done so in the near aftermath of Carham, such an acquisition would have taken place at the height of his power.[44] There may be reason to suggest that Owain Foel died sometime before 1030, perhaps leaving a weak heir or vacated throne.[48] Certainly, the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach records a ravaging inflicted upon Britons that year by the English and the Scandinavians of Dublin.[49]
Another historical episode that may cast light upon the fate of the Cumbrian realm concerns an assembly of northern kings in about 1031. Specifically in about 1031, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records a concord between Knútr, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Mac Bethad mac Findlaích, and Echmarcach mac Ragnaill. The fact that no Cumbrian king is recorded at this royal assembly seems to reveal that no such king reigned by this date, and may indicate that the Cumbrian realm then formed part of the Scottish Kingdom of Alba.[50][note 4] The rationale behind the meeting of the four kings is uncertain. One possibility—amongst many—is that it concerned the collapse of the Kingdom of Strathclyde,[53] and perhaps had something to do with the recorded ravaging of 1030.[54]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Suibne_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_39r%29.jpg/220px-Suibne_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_39r%29.jpg)
Another aspect of the uncertainty surrounding the kingdom is the obituary of Suibne mac Cináeda, a man styled King of the Gall Gaidheil.[56] The Gaelic term Gall Gaidheil appears to have been applied to a population of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity,[57] first recorded in the ninth century.[58] Some of the earliest evidence of the Gall Gaidheil seems to indicate that the original territory of this population group was located in the Firth of Clyde region and nearby Cowal.[59] By the twelfth century, the Gall Gaidheil terminology appears to have encompassed the region south and west of Clydesdale and Teviotdale[60]—specifically Ayrshire, Dumfrieshire, Wigtownshire, and Kirkcudbrightshire[61]—and afterwards came to be territorially confined within the boundaries of Galloway.[62][note 5] As such, the Gall Gaidheil appear to have expanded deep into what had formerly been Cumbrian-controlled territories.[64] There is reason to suspect that this encroachment was connected to the eleventh-century decline and demise of the Kingdom of Strathclyde.[65] Such an expansion could have taken place with the demise of Owain Foel himself.[56] In fact, Suibne could have been the leader of the Gall Gaidheil who expedited the undoing of the Cumbrian regime, and oversaw the acquisition of much of the kingdom's western territories.[66]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Suibne_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg/220px-Suibne_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg)
The patronym borne by Suibne is the same as that of the reigning Máel Coluim mac Cináeda. This patronym could be evidence that the two were brothers,[68] and that Suibne had instead been placed upon the throne in a region occupied by the Gall Gaidheil.[69] If Suibne and Máel Coluim mac Cináeda were indeed brothers, another possibility is that Suibne's title is evidence that Máel Coluim mac Cináeda seized the vacated Cumbrian kingship and installed Suibne as king over the Cumbrians. Such a move may explain the Scots' failure to immediately exploit their victory over the English in 1018, and could indicate that the Scottish king's resources were instead projected against the vulnerable Cumbrian realm.[70]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Eadwulf%2C_Earl_of_Northumbria_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_B_I%2C_folio_157r%29.jpg/220px-Eadwulf%2C_Earl_of_Northumbria_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Tiberius_B_I%2C_folio_157r%29.jpg)
In the words of the pseudo-prophetic twelfth-century Prophecy of Berchán, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda was biodhba Bretan ("enemy of Britons").[72] Whether this description reflects genuine animosity between him and the Kingdom of Strathclyde is unknown.[48] It is possible that this description of the Scottish king refers to aggression against the Cumbrians at some point after the Battle of Carham and Owain Foel's demise.[73] In 1038, Eadwulf of Bamburgh is stated by Historia regum Anglorum to have attacked certain unspecified Britons.[74] Whilst it is conceivable that this source is evidence that at least some Cumbrians were still independent by this date, another possibility is that these particular people were under Gall Gaidheil overlordship when attacked by the English.[75]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Owain_Foel_%28Cambridge_Corpus_Christi_College_139%2C_folio_94v%29_3.jpg/220px-Owain_Foel_%28Cambridge_Corpus_Christi_College_139%2C_folio_94v%29_3.jpg)
Owain Foel could have lived into the 1050s.[77] In 1054, Siward, Earl of Northumbria invaded Alba and defeated the reigning Mac Bethad. According to the twelfth-century texts Gesta regum Anglorum,[78] and Chronicon ex chronicis, Siward set up a certain Máel Coluim—identified as the son of the king of the Cumbrians—in opposition to Mac Bethad.[79] Máel Coluim appears to have been a member of the Cumbrian royal dynasty,[80] and may well have been a descendant of Owain Foel himself: perhaps a son[81] or grandson.[82] The Gaelic personal name borne by this man could be evidence of an ancestral link with the ruling Scottish Alpínid dynasty:[83] perhaps a matrilineal link to Owain Foel's confederate at Carham, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda.[84] If the Máel Coluim of 1054 was indeed a member of Owain Foel's family, one possibility is that the Scots had deprived him of the Cumbrian kingship following Owain Foel's demise, and that Siward installed him as king over the Cumbrians following the English victory against Mac Bethad.[85] Another possibility, suggested by the account of events dictated by Chronicon ex chronicis, is that Siward installed Máel Coluim as King of Alba.[86] If Máel Coluim was indeed placed upon the Scottish throne, one possibility is that Owain Foel was still reigning as King of Strathclyde.[77] Whatever the case, Owain Foel is the last known king of the realm.[87]
Notes
[edit]- ^ His name is recorded by the twelfth-century Historia regum Anglorum as Eugenius Calvus.[14]
- ^ In its account of the Battle of Carham, Historia regum Anglorum styles Owain Foel "rex Clutinensium" ("King of the Clydesmen").[32] The compiler of this source may have intended Clutiensium from *Clutienses. The latter seems to be derived from the Welsh Cludwys,[33] a term that is otherwise employed by the tenth-century Armes Prydein and means "People of the Clyde".[34] The title accorded to Owain Foel differs from those recorded for three of his immediate royal predecessors—his apparent father, grandfather, and great-grandfather—who were styled King of the Cumbrians.[35] Whilst Owain Foel's title may, therefore, be evidence of the diminishment of the realm,[36] the evidence of expansion preserved by the inquest seems to contradict this.[37]
- ^ Either Owain Foel himself, or his predecessor Owain ap Dyfnwal, or this man's like-named grandfather, Owain ap Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde, may be identical to Owain Caesarius, a legendary figure associated with an assemblage of apparent tenth-century monuments at Penrith collectively known as The Giant's Grave.[39] The nearby site of Castle Hewin (grid reference NY48544627), a place name meaning "Owain's castle" (derived from castell Ewain),[40] may well be named after the same man.[41] A seventeenth-century account associates Owain Caesarius with the Giant's Caves, located on the north bank of the River Eamont.[42]
- ^ Against the possibility that Donnchad received the Cumbrian kingship from his grandfather—immediately after the Battle of Carham—is the fact that Donnchad is not attested as one of the kings at the assembly,[51] and the fact that a seemingly contemporary source remarks upon his young age on his death in 1040.[52]
- ^ The Scottish place name Galloway is derived from the Gaelic i nGall Gaidhealaib ("amongst the Gall Gaidheil").[63]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8 ¶ 12, 8 n. 14; Clarkson (2013) p. 24; Woolf (2010) p. 235; Anderson (1908) p. 82 n. 3; Arnold (1885) p. 156 ch. 130; Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 139 (n.d.).
- ^ a b Clarkson (2014) chs. genealogical tables, 8 ¶ 7; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Woolf (2007) pp. 236, 238 tab. 6.4; Broun (2004c) pp. 128 n. 66, 135 tab.; Hicks (2003) p. 44, 44 n. 107; Duncan (2002) pp. 29, 41.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 67.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 67 n. 66.
- ^ Macquarrie (2004); Thornton (2001) pp. 66–67.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 17; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 41; Woolf (2007) pp. 222, 233, 236.
- ^ McGuigan (2015a) p. 140; Saltair na Rann (2011) §§ 2373–2376; Hudson (1994) pp. 101, 174 nn. 7–9; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 502 (n.d.); Saltair na Rann (n.d.) §§ 2373–2376.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015) p. 46 § b1036.1; Clarkson (2014) chs. 7, 7 n. 25, 8; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Clarkson (2013); Woolf (2007) p. 236; Broun (2004c) p. 128, 128 n. 66; Hicks (2003) p. 43; Anderson (1922) p. 550.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 572 fig. 17.4; Broun (2004c) p. 128 n. 66; Hicks (2003) p. 44 n. 107; Anderson (1922) p. 550 n. 2; Rhŷs (1890) p. 264; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 34–35.
- ^ Broun (2004c) p. 128 n. 66; Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) p. 660.
- ^ a b Clarkson (2014) ch. 8.
- ^ Minard; Busse (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 201; Broun (2004c) p. 128 n. 66; Macquarrie (2004); Macquarrie (1998) pp. 16–17; Hudson (1994) p. 117 n. 11.
- ^ Hicks (2003) pp. 43 n. 106, 44.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8 ¶¶ 11–12, 8 n. 14; Clarkson (2013) p. 24; Woolf (2010) p. 235; Anderson (1908) p. 82, 82 n. 3; Arnold (1885) pp. 155–156 ch. 130; Stevenson (1855) p. 527.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1034.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Broun (2015a); Broun (2004b).
- ^ Broun (2015a); Keynes (2009); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 200; Aird (2004); Broun (2004b); Woolf (2001).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8; Keynes (2009); Aird (2004).
- ^ Lawson (2013); Keynes (2009).
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) pp. 100–101; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ McGuigan (2015a) pp. 154–155; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 200–201.
- ^ a b Crowcroft; Cannon (2015); Oram, RD (2011) chs. 2, 5; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 200–201; Broun (2004b); Broun (2004c) p. 128; Woolf (2001); Duncan (1976) p. 21.
- ^ Taylor, A (2016) p. 10; McGuigan (2015a) p. 140; Clarkson (2014) chs. 8, 9; Hudson (1996) p. 222; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 11.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8; Oram, RD (2011) ch. 2; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 200–201.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8; Duncan (1976) pp. 20–21; Anderson (1922) p. 544; Anderson (1908) pp. 81–82; Arnold (1885) pp. 155–156 ch. 130; Arnold (1882) p. 84; Skene (1867) p. 131; Stevenson (1855) p. 527.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8, 8 n. 14; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573; Clarkson (2013); Walker (2013) ch. 5; Woolf (2010) p. 235; Woolf (2007) p. 236; Clancy (2006); Broun (2004c) p. 128; Duncan (1976) p. 21; Anderson (1908) p. 82; Arnold (1885) pp. 155–156 ch. 130; Stevenson (1855) p. 527.
- ^ McGuigan (2015a) pp. 122–123; Clarkson (2014) ch. 8, 8 n. 14; Walker (2013) ch. 5; Aird (2004); Broun (2004c) p. 128 n. 66; Duncan (2002) p. 28; Anderson (1908) p. 82; Arnold (1885) pp. 155–156 ch. 130; Stevenson (1855) p. 527.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8; Woolf (2007) pp. 236–237; Duncan (2002) p. 28; Swanton (1998) pp. 148–149.
- ^ Anderson (1922) p. 478; Stevenson (1856) p. 100; Stevenson (1835) p. 34; Cotton MS Faustina B IX (n.d.).
- ^ Oram, RD (2011) ch. 5; Forsyth (2005) p. 33; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 200–201; Wormald (2005) p. 352.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8; Broun (2004c) p. 139 n. 117; Barrow (1999) pp. 60–61 § 15; Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) pp. 1–5 § 1.
- ^ Taylor, A (2016) pp. 9–10, 10 n. 42; Clarkson (2014) ch. 8, 8 n. 14; Edmonds (2014) p. 209; Clarkson (2013); Woolf (2010) p. 235; Clancy (2006); Anderson (1908) p. 82; Arnold (1885) pp. 155–156 ch. 130; Stevenson (1855) p. 527, 527 n. 4.
- ^ Woolf (2010) p. 235.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 481, 529–530; Woolf (2010) p. 235; Skene (1868) p. 162.
- ^ Minard (2012); Minard (2006).
- ^ Taylor, A (2016) p. 10 n. 42; Edmonds (2014) p. 209; Minard (2006).
- ^ Edmonds (2014) p. 209.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 10; Proceedings (1947) pp. 221–225; Collingwood (1923).
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 5, 55 n. 61; Clarkson (2010) ch. 10; Proceedings (1947) pp. 221–225; Collingwood (1923).
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 57.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 55, 55 n. 61; Clarkson (2010) ch. 10.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 55 n. 61; Ferguson (1890) p. 37.
- ^ Parsons (2011) p. 130 n. 42; Broun (2015a); Clarkson (2014) ch. 8; Clarkson (2013); Oram, RD (2011) chs. 2, 5; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Clancy (2006); Kapelle (1979) p. 38.
- ^ a b Broun (2004b).
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8; Broun (2004c) p. 139 n. 117.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Clarkson (2013); Broun (2004c) pp. 128, 139 n. 117.
- ^ Broun (2015a); Broun (2015b); Broun (2004b); Oram, R (2001); Kapelle (1979) pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b Clarkson (2010) ch. 9.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8 n. 48; Edmonds (2014) p. 210, 210 n. 88; Clarkson (2013); Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1030.11; Woolf (2007) p. 254; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1030.11; Broun (2004c) pp. 136–137.
- ^ Clarkson (2013); Duncan (2002) p. 29.
- ^ Broun (2004a); Broun (2004b).
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1040.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1040.1; Broun (2004a); Broun (2004b); Anderson (1922) p. 581.
- ^ Broun (2004c) p. 137 n. 112; Hicks (2003) p. 44 n. 107.
- ^ Clarkson (2013); Broun (2004c) p. 137 n. 112.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1034.10; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1034.10; Anderson (1922) p. 578 n. 1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489' (n.d.).
- ^ a b Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 48.
- ^ Jennings; Kruse (2009); Clancy (2008).
- ^ Jennings; Kruse (2009) pp. 123, 125; Clancy (2008) p. 23.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 573–575; Clancy (2011) pp. 374, 386–387; Clancy (2008) p. 32.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 574–575; Sharpe (2011) p. 92 n. 234; Clancy (2008) pp. 35–36.
- ^ Clancy (2011) p. 374; Sharpe (2011) p. 92.
- ^ Clancy (2011) p. 374; Clancy (2008) pp. 22, 38–39.
- ^ Jennings, AP (2001).
- ^ Parsons (2011) pp. 132, 139; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 48; Clancy (2008) p. 37; Broun (2004c) pp. 136–138, 139 n. 117.
- ^ Parsons (2011) pp. 132, 139; Clancy (2008) p. 37; Woolf (2007) p. 254, 254 n. 49; Broun (2004c) p. 136.
- ^ Broun (2004c) p. 136.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1034.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.1; Anderson (1922) p. 578; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ McGuigan (2015a) pp. 163, 171; Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Bolton (2009) p. 142; Hudson (2005) p. 133; Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 466 n. 1; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Hudson (1994) pp. 117–118, 158; Kapelle (1979) pp. 38–39, 40 tab. 3, 41, 247–248 n. 39.
- ^ Hudson (2005) p. 133; Woolf (2004) p. 100.
- ^ Kapelle (1979) pp. 38–39, 41, 247–248 n. 39.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 107; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 180; McGuigan (2015a) p. 163; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Clancy (2008) p. 37; Hicks (2003) p. 44 n. 43; Hudson (1996) pp. 52 § 183, 90 § 183; Hudson (1994) p. 117; Anderson (1930) p. 47 § 162; Anderson (1922) p. 574; Skene (1867) p. 99.
- ^ Hudson (1994) p. 117.
- ^ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Woolf (2007) p. 254, 254 n. 49; Arnold (1885) p. 198 ch. 159; Stevenson (1855) p. 557.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 254, 254 n. 49.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 8 ¶ 12, 8 n. 14; Edmonds (2014) p. 209; Clarkson (2013) p. 24; Woolf (2010) p. 235; Clancy (2006); Arnold (1885) p. 156 ch. 130; Stevenson (1855) p. 527 n. 4; Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 139 (n.d.).
- ^ a b Clarkson (2013).
- ^ McGuigan (2015a) p. 138; Clarkson (2013); Davies (2009) p. 78; Edmonds (2009) p. 53; Woolf (2007) pp. 261–262; Duncan (2002) p. 40; Anderson (1908) p. 85 n. 4; Giles (1847) p. 214 bk. 2 ch. 13; Hardy (1840) p. 330 bk. 2 ch. 196.
- ^ McGuigan (2015a) p. 138; Clarkson (2014) ch. 9, 9 n. 12; Clarkson (2013); Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Davies (2009) p. 78; Edmonds (2009) p. 53; Woolf (2007) p. 261; Swanton (1998) p. 185 n. 17; Broun (2004c) pp. 133–134; Anderson (1908) p. 85 n. 4; Forester (1854) p. 156; Stevenson (1853) p. 286; Thorpe (1848) p. 212.
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) p. 100; Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Edmonds (2014) p. 209; Clarkson (2013); Parsons (2011) p. 130 n. 42; Clarkson (2010) chs. genealogical tables, 9; Davies (2009) p. 78; Woolf (2007) p. 262; Clancy (2006); Taylor, S (2006) p. 26; Broun (2004c) pp. 133–134, 135 tab.; Duncan (2002) p. 41.
- ^ Taylor, A (2016) p. 10; Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Edmonds (2014) p. 209; Clarkson (2013); Davies (2009) p. 78; Edmonds (2009) p. 53; Woolf (2007) p. 262; Taylor, S (2006) p. 26; Broun (2004c) pp. 133–134, 135 tab.; Clancy (2006); Duncan (2002) p. 41.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 9 ¶ 13; Clarkson (2013); Parsons (2011) p. 130 n. 42; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 49; Woolf (2007) p. 262.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 9 ¶ 13; Clarkson (2013); Clarkson (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 49; Woolf (2007) p. 262.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Edmonds (2014) p. 209; Clarkson (2013); Duncan (2002) p. 41.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 571; Clarkson (2013); Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Woolf (2007) p. 262; Taylor, S (2006) p. 26.
- ^ Dumville (2018) p. 118; Clarkson (2013).
References
[edit]Primary sources
[edit]- Anderson, AO, ed. (1908). Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, A.D. 500 to 1286. London: David Nutt. OL 7115802M.
- Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 1. London: Oliver and Boyd. OL 14712679M.
- Anderson, AO (1930). "The Prophecy of Berchan". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. 18: 1–56. doi:10.1515/zcph.1930.18.1.1. eISSN 1865-889X. ISSN 0084-5302. S2CID 162902103.
- "Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (13 April 2005 ed.). University College Cork. 2005. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
- Arnold, T, ed. (1882). Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. London: Longmans & Co.
- Arnold, T, ed. (1885). Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. London: Longmans & Co.
- Barrow, GWS, ed. (1999). The Charters of David I: The Written Acts of David I King of Scots, 1124–53, and of his Son Henry, Earl of Northumberland, 1139–52. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-731-9.
- "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 502". Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Oxford Digital Library. n.d. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 139: Simeon of Durham OSB, Historia Regum. Richard of Hexham OSA, De Gestis Regis Stephani et de Bello Standardii. John of Hexham OSA, Nennius". Parker Library on the Web. n.d. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Cotton MS Faustina B IX". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - "Cotton MS Tiberius B I". British Library. n.d. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Ferguson, R, ed. (1890). A Cursory Relation of the Antiquities & Familyes in Cumberland. Kendal: T. Wilson. OL 25499451M.
- Forester, T, ed. (1854). The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, with the Two Continuations: Comprising Annals of English History, From the Departure of the Romans to the Reign of Edward I. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. London: Henry G. Bohn. OL 24871176M.
- Giles, JA, ed. (1847). William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England, From the Earliest Period to the Reign of King Stephen. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. London: Henry G. Bohn.
- Gough-Cooper, HW, ed. (2015). Annales Cambriae: The B Text From London, National Archives, MS E164/1, pp. 2–26 (PDF) (September 2015 ed.) – via Welsh Chronicles Research Group.
- Hardy, TD, ed. (1840). Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi Gesta Regum Anglorum Atque Historia Novella. Vol. 1. London: English Historical Society. OL 24871887M.
- Jones, O; Williams, E; Pughe, WO, eds. (1870). The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales. Denbigh: Thomas Gee. OL 6930827M.
- O'Keeffe, KO, ed. (2001). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition. Vol. 5. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-491-7.
- Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. 1843. OL 14037534M.
- Rhŷs, J; Evans, JG, eds. (1890). The Text of the Bruts From the Red Book of Hergest. Oxford. OL 19845420M.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - "Saltair na Rann". Corpus of Electronic Texts (22 January 2011 ed.). University College Cork. 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- "Saltair na Rann" (PDF). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (School of Celtic Studies). n.d. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Skene, WF, ed. (1867). Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. OL 23286818M.
- Skene, WF, ed. (1868). The Four Ancient Books of Wales. Vol. 2. Edmonston and Douglas.
- Stevenson, J, ed. (1835). Chronica de Mailros. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club. OL 13999983M.
- Stevenson, J, ed. (1853). The Church Historians of England. Vol. 2, pt. 1. London: Seeleys.
- Stevenson, J, ed. (1855). The Church Historians of England. Vol. 3, pt. 2. London: Seeleys. OL 7055940M.
- Stevenson, J, ed. (1856). The Church Historians of England. Vol. 4, pt. 1. London: Seeleys.
- Swanton, M, ed. (1998) [1996]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92129-5.
- "The Annals of Tigernach". Corpus of Electronic Texts (2 November 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
- "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
- "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
- Thorpe, B, ed. (1848). Florentii Wigorniensis Monachi Chronicon ex Chronicis. Vol. 1. London: English Historical Society. OL 24871544M.
- Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860). Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. OL 24776516M.
Secondary sources
[edit]- Aird, WM (2004). "Uhtred, Earl of Bamburgh (d. 1016)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27981. Retrieved 28 July 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Broun, D (2004a). "Duncan I (d. 1040)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8209. Retrieved 28 July 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Broun, D (2004b). "Malcolm II (d. 1034)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17858. Retrieved 28 July 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Broun, D (2004c). "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde c.900–c.1200". The Innes Review. 55 (2): 111–180. doi:10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111. eISSN 1745-5219. ISSN 0020-157X.
- Broun, D (2015a) [1997]. "Malcolm II". In Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2 – via Oxford Reference.
- Broun, D (2015b) [1997]. "Strathclyde, Kingdom of". In Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J (eds.). The Oxford Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2 – via Oxford Reference.
- Bolton, T (2009). The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16670-7. ISSN 1569-1462.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Charles-Edwards, TM (2013). Wales and the Britons, 350–1064. The History of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821731-2.
- Clancy, TO (2006). "Ystrad Clud". In Koch, JT (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1818–1821. ISBN 1-85109-445-8.
- Clancy, TO (2008). "The Gall-Ghàidheil and Galloway" (PDF). The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 2: 19–51. ISSN 2054-9385.
- Clancy, TO (2011). "Gaelic in Medieval Scotland: Advent and Expansion: Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture". Proceedings of the British Academy. 167. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197264775.003.0011 – via British Academy Scholarship Online.
- Clarkson, T (2010). The Men of the North: The Britons and Southern Scotland (EPUB). Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 978-1-907909-02-3.
- Clarkson, T (2013). "The Last King of Strathclyde". History Scotland. 13 (6): 24–27. ISSN 1475-5270.
- Clarkson, T (2014). Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age (EPUB). Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 978-1-907909-25-2.
- Collingwood, WG (1923). "The Giant's Grave, Penrith" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæological Society. 23: 115–128. doi:10.5284/1032950.
- Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J, eds. (2015) [2001]. "Carham, Battle of". A Dictionary of British History (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-175802-7. Retrieved 7 December 2015 – via Oxford Reference.
- Davies, JR (2009). "Bishop Kentigern Among the Britons". In Boardman, S; Davies, JR; Williamson, E (eds.). Saints' Cults in the Celtic World. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 66–90. ISBN 978-1-84383-432-8. ISSN 0261-9865.
- Dumville, DN (2018). "Origins of the Kingdom of the English". In Naismith, R; Woodman, DA (eds.). Writing, Kingship and Power in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–121. doi:10.1017/9781316676066.005. ISBN 978-1-107-16097-2.
- Duncan, AAM (1976). "The Battle of Carham, 1018". Scottish Historical Review. 55 (1): 20–28. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241. JSTOR 25529144.
- Duncan, AAM (2002). The Kingship of the Scots, 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8.
- Edmonds, F (2009). "Personal Names and the Cult of Patrick in Eleventh-Century Strathclyde and Northumbria". In Boardman, S; Davies, JR; Williamson, E (eds.). Saints' Cults in the Celtic World. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 42–65. ISBN 978-1-84383-432-8. ISSN 0261-9865.
- Edmonds, F (2014). "The Emergence and Transformation of Medieval Cumbria". Scottish Historical Review. 93 (2): 195–216. doi:10.3366/shr.2014.0216. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241.
- Edmonds, F (2015). "The Expansion of the Kingdom of Strathclyde". Early Medieval Europe. 23 (1): 43–66. doi:10.1111/emed.12087. eISSN 1468-0254. S2CID 162103346.
- Forsyth, K (2005). "Origins: Scotland to 1100". In Wormald, J (ed.). Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–37. ISBN 0-19-820615-1. OL 7397531M.
- Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
- Hicks, DA (2003). Language, History and Onomastics in Medieval Cumbria: An Analysis of the Generative Usage of the Cumbric Habitative Generics Cair and Tref (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/7401.
- Hudson, BT (1994). Kings of Celtic Scotland. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29087-3. ISSN 0885-9159. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Hudson, BT (1996). Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages. Contributions to the Study of World History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29567-0. ISSN 0885-9159.
- Hudson, BT (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
- Jennings, AP (2001). "Galloway, Origins of". In Lynch, M (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-19-211696-7.
- Jennings, A; Kruse, A (2009). "From Dál Riata to the Gall-Ghàidheil". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 5: 123–149. doi:10.1484/J.VMS.1.100676. hdl:20.500.11820/762e78fe-2a9c-43cf-8173-8300892b31cb. ISSN 1782-7183.
- Kapelle, WE (1979). The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1371-0.
- Keynes, S (October 2009). "Æthelred II (c.966x8–1016)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) - Lawson, MK (January 2013). "Cnut (d. 1035)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4579. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) - Macquarrie, A (1998) [1993]. "The Kings of Strathclyde, c. 400–1018". In Grant, A; Stringer, KJ (eds.). Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–19. ISBN 0-7486-1110-X.
- Macquarrie, A (2004). "Donald (d. 975)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49382. Retrieved 19 June 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- McGuigan, N (2015a). Neither Scotland nor England: Middle Britain, c.850–1150 (PhD thesis). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/7829.
- McGuigan, N (2015b). "Review of A Ross, The Kings of Alba, c.1000–c.1130". Northern Scotland. 6 (1): 98–101. doi:10.3366/nor.2015.0090. eISSN 2042-2717. ISSN 0306-5278.
- Minard, A (2006). "Cumbria". In Koch, JT (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 514–515. ISBN 1-85109-445-8.
- Minard, A (2012). "Cumbria". In Koch, JT; Minard, A (eds.). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1-59884-964-6.
- Minard, A; Busse, PE (2006). "Owain ap Dyfnwal". In Koch, JT (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1407. ISBN 1-85109-445-8.
- Moody, TW; Martin, FX; Byrne, FJ, eds. (2005). Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History. New History of Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198217459.
- Oram, R (2001). "Borders: 1. to 1603". In Lynch, M (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-19-211696-7.
- Oram, RD (2011) [2001]. The Kings & Queens of Scotland. Brimscombe Port: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-7099-3.
- Parsons, DN (2011). "On the Origin of 'Hiberno-Norse Inversion-Compounds'" (PDF). The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. 5: 115–152. ISSN 2054-9385.
- Cumberland And Westmorland Antiquarian And Archaeological Society (1947). "Proceedings" (PDF). Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæological Society. 47: 199–233. doi:10.5284/1032950.
- Sharpe, R (2011). "Peoples and Languages in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Britain and Ireland: Reading the Charter Evidence" (PDF). In Broun, D (ed.). The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain. Glasgow: Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. pp. 1–119. ISBN 978-0-85261-919-3.
- Taylor, A (2016). The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124–1290. Oxford Studies in Medieval European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874920-2.
- Taylor, S (2006). "The Early History and Languages of West Dunbartonshire". In Brown, I (ed.). Changing Identities, Ancient Roots: The History of West Dunbartonshire From Earliest Times. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 12–41. ISBN 978-0-7486-2561-1.
- Thornton, DE (2001). "Edgar and the Eight Kings, AD 973: Textus et Dramatis Personae". Early Medieval Europe. 10 (1): 49–79. doi:10.1111/1468-0254.00079. eISSN 1468-0254. hdl:11693/24776. S2CID 162915120.
- Wadden, P (2016). "Dál Riata c. 1000: Genealogies and Irish Sea Politics". Scottish Historical Review. 95 (2): 164–181. doi:10.3366/shr.2016.0294. eISSN 1750-0222. ISSN 0036-9241.
- Walker, IW (2013) [2006]. Lords of Alba: The Making of Scotland (EPUB). Brimscombe Port: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9519-4.
- Woolf, A (2001). "Anglo-Scottish Relations: 1. 900–1100". In Lynch, M (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–10. ISBN 0-19-211696-7.
- Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.). The Argyll Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. ISBN 1-84158-253-0.
- Woolf, A (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1233-8.
- Woolf, A (2010). "Reporting Scotland in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". In Jorgensen, A (ed.). Reading the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Language, Literature, History. Studies in the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 23. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. 221–239. doi:10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.4457. ISBN 978-2-503-52394-1.
- Wormald, J, ed. (2005). "Chronology". Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 351–366. ISBN 0-19-820615-1. OL 7397531M.
Media related to Owain Foel at Wikimedia Commons