Pakistani Canadians

Pakistani Canadians
_{Canadiens d'origine pakistanaise (French)}

Urdu: پاکستانی کینیڈین
Population distribution of Pakistani Canadians by census division, 2021 census
Total population
303,260[1] (0.81%)
Regions with significant populations
Ontario	212,650
Alberta	39,535
British Columbia	19,050
Quebec	16,645
Languages
L1: English, French L2: Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi[2][3]
Religion
Majority: Sunni Islam Minority: Shi'a Islam, Twelvers, Ismaili, Ahmadiyya, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, and Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Pashtun Canadians, Pakistani diaspora, Muslim Canadians

Pakistani Canadian refers to the community in Canada of Pakistani heritage or descent. It can also refer to people who hold dual Pakistani and Canadian citizenship. Categorically, Pakistani Canadians comprise a subgroup of South Asian Canadians which is a further subgroup of Asian Canadians.

There is no official classification of Pakistani Canadians. However, they are usually defined by Asian or South Asian.

Punjabi people from the Punjab region that would later become Pakistan were among the pioneers who migrated from British India to British Columbia at the turn of the century. By 1905, as many as 200 participated in the building of that first community from modern-day Pakistan, which for a time had a small makeshift mosque in Vancouver. But most of these immigrants were sojourners rather than settlers, and they either returned to Pakistan in 1947 or moved on to the United States. Subsequently, Canada imposed a ban on South Asian immigration that remained in place until after World War II.^{[citation needed]}

Pakistanis began migrating to Canada in small numbers in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Immigration regulations gave preference to those with advanced education and professional skills, and the Pakistanis who came during this period, and throughout the 1960s, generally had excellent credentials. Many of them considered themselves to be sojourners, who had come to earn but not to settle or were students who intended to return home when their degree programs were completed. While some went back, others remained to become the founding members of the Pakistani-Canadian community.^[4]

Pakistani nationals were registered in undergraduate and graduate programs at McGill University in Montreal as early as 1949, and at the University of Toronto from 1958 on. By the mid-1950s, there were five or six Pakistani families living in Montreal in addition to the students. This was probably the then largest concentration of Pakistanis in the country. Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s most who arrived were young men pursuing graduate or professional studies.^{[citation needed]}

Pakistanis have integrated well into Canadian society, partly due to the Canadian Government's policies and assistance given to all immigrants settling in the country.^[5]

Most Pakistani Canadians are Muslims.^[6] Religion figures prominently in the lives of Pakistani Canadian families. The majority of Pakistanis belong to the Sunni sect of Islam;^[7] Pakistani Canadians also participate in and contribute to the larger Islamic community, which includes Arab Canadians, Iranian Canadians, Turkish Canadians, and Asian Canadians.^[8]

Islamic Pakistani Canadians have played important roles in many organizations, including:

• Anjuman Burhani – Dawoodi Bohra Muslim Community^[10]
• Canadian Islamic Congress^[11]
• Canadian Shia Muslim Organization^[12]
• Islamic Society of North America^[13]
• Muslim Association of Canada^[14]
• Muslim Canadian Congress^[15]
• Muslim Student Association of Canada^[16][17]

Most Pakistani Canadians speak English or French. However, many also speak a second or third language, as they often tend to keep hold of their native tongues, which includes Urdu, Punjabi.^[2][3]

Provinces With Significant Population of Pakistani Canadians (2001 - 2021)^{[18][19][20][21][22]}

Province	2001	2011	2021
Ontario	52,830	109,295	212,650
Alberta	5,450	17,825	39,535
Quebec	7,990	12,470	16,645
British Columbia	6,270	9,770	19,050
Saskatchewan	495	3,195	7,640
Manitoba	565	1,810	5,030
Nova Scotia	305	490	1,285

Figures from the 2021 Canadian Census from StatsCan indicate that there are 303,260 Canadians who claim Pakistani ancestry.^[23]

Metro Regions With Significant Population of Pakistani Canadians (2001 - 2021)^{[18][19][20][21]}

City	2001	2011	2021
Toronto	43,035	90,610	162,710
Calgary	3,455	10,450	24,050
Montreal	7,890	12,220	16,060
Vancouver	5,680	8,865	15,765
Edmonton	1,745	5,480	12,765
Hamilton	2,055	3,705	8,820
Ottawa	2,255	3,910	7,885
Kitchener-Cambridge Waterloo	1,045	3,210	8,015
Saskatoon	255	1,705	4,150
Winnipeg	560	1,590	4,660
Oshawa	480	1,225	6,965
Regina	220	1,330	2,940
London	665	1,010	3,850

There were 162,710 Pakistani-Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area per the 2021 Census, making it home to one of the largest Pakistani diaspora communities in North America.^[24][25] Per the 2021 Census, there were 41,705 Pakistani-Canadians residing within the actual city of Toronto;^[26] the majority of the community is concentrated throughout the suburbs of the GTA.

There are 41,025 Pakistani-Canadians residing in Mississauga per the 2021 Census, comprising 5.76% of the city's population.^[27] This is up from 27,345 recorded in the 2011 Census.^[28] Urdu is the 2nd most common reported mother tongue after English, and there are 55,765 speakers in Mississauga.^[29]

Pakistani-Canadians made up 3.81% of the population of Milton in 2011,^[30] per the 2021 census this number has tripled to 12.88%, making it one of the fastest growing Pakistani communities in the nation.^[31] Urdu is the 2nd most common reported mother tongue, with 19,830 speakers per the 2021 Census.^[32]

There are 10,825 Pakistani Canadians living in Metro Vancouver per the 2016 Census.^[33] Most Pakistanis who live in Metro Vancouver reside in areas such as Surrey, which has 5,565 Pakistani Canadian residents per the 2016 Census.^[34]

Many Pakistanis have used an adaptation technique, and are accustomed to a bicultural lifestyle. At home they live as traditional a life as possible. The old values and hierarchical decision-making patterns are generally respected, and traditional clothing, food, decorations, and language provide the warmth and reassurance of the familiar.^[35] Pakistani Canadians who are members of the community believe in the symbolic importance of owning homes.^[36] Those who came to Canada from Pakistan via East Africa or the Gulf are more likely to be involved in business. A number of Pakistani Canadians are also traders and are primarily involved in exporting and importing goods to and from Pakistan. A number of Pakistani-Canadian businessmen and companies have participated in this development.^[36]

An important aspect of Pakistani participation in the Canadian economy has been the increasing number of Pakistani-Canadian women who work outside the home.^[37] The experience of Pakistani-Canadian women varies, from educated women with large social and economic freedom, to those separated in the community from traditional gender roles.^[37] Still, Pakistanis have shifted towards more freedom for Pakistani-Canadian women, including later marriages, more liberal attire, and greater social and economic freedom.^[37]

Young people who were born in Canada or brought as children share a particular set of issues and concerns with their parents and the wider Pakistani-Canadian community. Their perspective regarding adaptation and integration is generally not informed by significant direct experience of the culture and values of the homeland, and, as a result, parents and grandparents take on a mediating role. They have to decide what aspects of their traditional lifestyle and values must be left behind and what can be transferred to and re-established in their new home. Most significantly, they generally assume the responsibility for making these choices for their children as well. The family – even in its truncated form in the diaspora – is both the base for substantial cultural transfer and the source of intergenerational conflict.^[37]

The Toronto Pakistan Day Event is a small scale event held on Pakistan Day to celebrate Pakistani culture.^[38] A number of Canadian television networks broadcast programming that features Pakistani-Canadian culture. These television shows often highlight Pakistani-Canadian events in Canada, and also show events from Pakistan involving Pakistanis who reside there, for example, The Voice of Pakistan – Vision TV (since 1971).

Pakistan International Airlines serves Toronto's Lester B. Pearson International Airport three times a week non-stop to Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad and has been one of the most profitable routes in the entire network.^[39]

Wajid Khan and Rahim Jaffer were members of the House of Commons of Canada. Wajid Khan represented the riding of Mississauga—Streetsville district of Ontario as a Conservative Member of Parliament^[40] while Rahim Jaffer was a Conservative Member of Parliament for the Edmonton—Strathcona district of Alberta.^[41] Currently there are two Pakistani-Canadian women serving in the 42nd Canadian Parliament: Iqra Khalid representing Mississauga-Erin Mills^[42] and Salma Zahid representing Scarborough Centre.^[43] Both women are Liberal Members of Parliament elected to seats in Ontario. Pakistani Canadians can also be found in the provincial legislatures as well as on municipal councils.

Salma Ataullahjan,^[44] a Toronto artist and community activist,^[45] was named a Canadian Senator by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, on 9 July 2010, and will sit with the Conservative caucus. With this appointment, Ataullahjan became the first Canadian senator of Pakistani Pushtun descent.

Shafiq Qaadri is a family doctor and politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, representing the riding of Etobicoke North for the Ontario Liberal Party.^[46][47][48]

• Canadians in Pakistan
• Islam in Canada
• High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa
• Pakistani diaspora
• Pakistanis
• Pakistani Americans
• Languages of Pakistan

• Kurian, George. "Socio-cultural adaptation of South Asian immigrants: The Canadian experience." Journal of Sociological Studies (1987) 6#1 pp: 47–62.
• Siddique, Muhammad (1977), "Changing Family Patterns: A Comparative Analysis of Immigrant Indian and Pakistani Families of Saskatoon, Canada", Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 8 (2): 179–200, doi:10.3138/jcfs.8.2.179, JSTOR 41601006
• Zaidi, Arshia U.; Shuraydi, Muhammad (2002), "Perceptions of Arranged Marriages by Young Pakistani Muslim Women Living in a Western Society" (PDF), Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 33 (4): 495–514, doi:10.3138/jcfs.33.4.495, JSTOR 41603839

• Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada – Population by Ethnic Origin
• Canadian Council on Social Development – Canada's Population from 2001–2004