Palpatine

For other uses, see Palpatine (disambiguation).

Palpatine
Star Wars character
Ian McDiarmid as Palpatine [a]
First appearanceThe Empire Strikes Back
Created byGeorge Lucas
Portrayed byIan McDiarmid
Marjorie Eaton [b][1][2]
Elaine Baker
Voiced by
In-universe information
Full nameSheev Palpatine
AliasDarth Sidious
GenderMale
OccupationSith Lord
Senator of Naboo
Supreme Chancellor
Emperor
Affiliation
Family
MasterDarth Plagueis
Apprentices

Sheev Palpatine is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He first appeared in the 1980 film The Empire Strikes Back as The Emperor. He is also known by his Sith name, Darth Sidious, which was first used in the novelization of the 1999 film The Phantom Menace.

Palpatine appears in all three film trilogies in the Skywalker Saga, and is portrayed by Ian McDiarmid in all five films in which he physically appears.[b] In the original trilogy, Palpatine is Emperor of the Galactic Empire and the master of Darth Vader. In the prequel trilogy, which chronicles his rise to emperor, Palpatine is a senator from the planet Naboo who plots to become Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic. He masterminds the Clone Wars to turn the Republic into the Empire, destroys the Jedi Order, and manipulates Anakin Skywalker into becoming his apprentice, Darth Vader. In The Rise of Skywalker (2019), the final film in the sequel trilogy, a resurrected Palpatine is revealed to be the grandfather of Rey, a Jedi-in-training. He is also the mastermind behind Snoke, whom he created to lead the First Order against the New Republic and seduce Skywalker's grandson, Ben Solo, into becoming Kylo Ren.

Palpatine's story was inspired by real-world examples of political strongman and democratic backsliding during the rise and rule of dictators such as Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Adolf Hitler. Since the release of the original trilogy, Palpatine has become a widely recognized symbol of evil in popular culture. Since the prequel trilogy, he has been a symbol of sinister deception and the subversion of democracy. In addition to the films, Palpatine appears in the series Clone Wars, The Clone Wars, Star Wars Rebels, The Bad Batch, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Star Wars: Tales. He also appears in Star Wars novels and comics.

Creation and development

Concept and writing

George Lucas created the Star Wars franchise and the character Palpatine. His conceptualization of Palpatine and the role he plays in the franchise changed over time. Lucas's initial notes discuss a line of corrupt emperors, not just one.[5] In the 1974 draft of Star Wars,[m] the "New Galactic Empire" was led by a relatively young human named Cos Dashit.[6] The name Palpatine first appears in the prologue of Alan Dean Foster's 1976 novelization of Star Wars, which details the Emperor's rise to power. From Return of the Jedi (1983) onwards, the Emperor became the ultimate personification of evil in the series, replacing his apprentice Darth Vader as the central villain.[citation needed] Though the films of the original Star Wars trilogy do not actually state the Emperor's name, the novelization of Return of the Jedi states his surname as Palpatine.[7][5] He was given the first name Sheev in the 2014 novel Tarkin.[8]

During the story development of The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Lucas decided that, with the original having only passingly mentioned the Emperor, he needed to "begin to deal with him on a more concrete level".[9][10] Lucas realized, however, that the primary conflict with the Emperor would be best saved for the trilogy's third film, Return of the Jedi, because "[w]hen you get rid of the Emperor, the whole thing is over." Discussing the character's importance to the story, Lucas stated that "In the end, the Emperor does exactly what [Obi-Wan Kenobi] did; he can also transform himself", referring to the ability to live after death through the Force.[10] Although Palpatine dies at the end of Return of the Jedi,[11] the plot point of his metamorphosis was utilized for the sequel trilogy, which Lucas had no direct involvement with.[12][13]

In Return of the Jedi, the initial conception of Palpatine as a weak, isolated figurehead[14] was superseded by his depiction as a dictatorial ruler adept in the dark side of the Force. The Emperor was inspired by the villain Ming the Merciless from the Flash Gordon comic books.[15] The characterization of Palpatine as an ambitious and ruthless politician dismantling a democratic republic to achieve supreme power was in part inspired by the real-world examples of democratic backsliding during the rise and rule of Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, Alberto Fujimori, Ferdinand Marcos Sr., and Adolf Hitler.[16][17] Other elements of the character come from Richard Nixon.[18][n] Lucas said that Nixon's presidency "got me to thinking historically about how do democracies get turned into dictatorships. Because the democracies aren't overthrown; they're given away."[21] Lucas also said, "The whole point of the movies, the underlying element that makes the movies work, is that you, whether you go backwards or forwards, you start out in a democracy, and democracy turns into a dictatorship, and then the rebels make it back into a democracy."[22]

Palpatine was influenced by historical leaders such as (clockwise from top left) Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, Adolf Hitler, and Richard Nixon.

Lucas wanted to establish the Emperor as the true source of evil in Star Wars. Screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan noted, "My sense of the relationship between Darth Vader and the Emperor is that the Emperor is much more powerful ... and that Vader is very much intimidated by him. Vader has dignity, but the Emperor in Jedi really has all the power."[23] He explained that the climax of the film is a confrontation between Vader and his master. In the first scene that shows the Emperor, he arrives at the Death Star and is greeted by a host of stormtroopers, technicians, and other personnel. Lucas states he wanted it to look like the military parades on "May Day in Russia."[24]

Lucas fleshed out the Emperor in the prequel trilogy. According to Lucas, Palpatine's role in The Phantom Menace is to explain "how Anakin Skywalker [later Vader] came to be Palpatine's apprentice" and the events that sparked Palpatine's rise to totalitarian power after being a senate representative.[25] The film's novelization is the first time he is called Darth Sidious.[26] His home world, Naboo, is also home to Anakin's romantic interest, Padmé Amidala, who later becomes a senator of that planet.

In the Lucasfilm-authorized Star Wars and History, Palpatine's consolidation of power is described as being similar to the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Both legitimized authoritarian rule by saying that corruption in the Senate was hampering the powers of the head of state; both pressured the Senate to grant extraordinary powers to deal with a crisis, falsely claiming that they would rescind those powers once the crisis was over; and both relied on their strong control over military force.[27]

Portrayal

When the Emperor first appeared in The Empire Strikes Back, he was portrayed by Marjorie Eaton under heavy makeup.[28] Chimpanzee eyes were superimposed into darkened eye sockets during post-production.[29] The character was voiced by Clive Revill.[30] The makeup was sculpted by Phil Tippett and applied by Rick Baker,[2] who initially used his own wife, Elaine, for the makeup tests.[1][31]

"With [director Irvin] Kershner," Revill said, "you had to keep the reins tight — you couldn't go overboard. It was the perfect example of the old adage 'less is more' — the Emperor doesn't say very much. But when he finally appears, it's at a point in the saga when everyone's waiting to see him. It's the Emperor, the arch-villain of all time, and when he says there's a great disturbance in the Force, I mean, that's enough oomph!"[32] Years later, during production of Revenge of the Sith, Lucas decided to shoot new footage for The Empire Strikes Back to create continuity between the prequels and original trilogy. Thus, in the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back Special Edition, the original version of the Emperor was replaced by Ian McDiarmid, and the dialogue between the Emperor and Darth Vader was revised.[33]

Lucas and director Richard Marquand cast McDiarmid to play Emperor Palpatine for Return of the Jedi. He was in his late 30s and had never played a leading role in a feature film, though he had made minor appearances in films like Dragonslayer (1981). After Return of the Jedi, he resumed stage acting in London.[34] In an interview with BackStage, McDiarmid revealed that he "never had his sights set on a film career" and never auditioned for the role of Palpatine. He elaborated, "I got called in for the interview after a Return of the Jedi casting director saw me perform in the Sam Shepard play Seduced at a studio theatre at the Royal Court. I was playing a dying Howard Hughes."[35]

Palpatine's role in the prequel films required McDiarmid to portray two aspects of the same character. Recalling the initial days of shooting The Phantom Menace, McDiarmid stated, "Palpatine's an interesting character; he's conventional on the outside, but demonic on the inside — he's on the edge, trying to go beyond what's possible."[36] McDiarmid added another layer to the character in Attack of the Clones. He said, "[Palpatine] is a supreme actor. He has to be even more convincing than somebody who isn't behaving in a schizophrenic fashion, so he's extra charming, or extra professional — and for those who are looking for clues, that's almost where you can see them." McDiarmid reflected on the scene in which Padmé Amidala is almost assassinated:

There's a moment in one scene of the new film where tears almost appear in [Palpatine's] eye. These are crocodile tears, but for all those in the movie, and perhaps watching the movie itself, they'll see he is apparently moved — and of course, he is. He can just do it. He can, as it were, turn it on. And I suppose for him, it's also a bit of a turn-on — the pure exercise of power is what he's all about. That's the only thing he's interested in and the only thing that can satisfy him — which makes him completely fascinating to play because it is an evil soul. He is more evil than the devil.[37]

In Revenge of the Sith, McDiarmid plays an even darker version of the character. He explained that "when you're playing a character of solid blackness, that in itself is very interesting, in the sense that you have no other motivation other than the accumulation of power. It's not so much about not having a moral center, it's just that the only thing that mattered is increasing power."[38] McDiarmid asserted that everything Palpatine does "is an act of pure hypocrisy."[34]

McDiarmid noticed that the script for Revenge of the Sith demanded more action from his character than in previous films. Lightsaber combat was a challenge to the 60-year-old actor, who, like his costars, took fencing lessons. The close-up shots and non-acrobatic sequences of the duel between Palpatine and Mace Windu were performed by McDiarmid.[39] Advanced fencing and acrobatic stunts were executed by McDiarmid's stunt doubles.[40]

In the 2019 film The Rise of Skywalker, McDiarmid returned to the role of Palpatine on screen for the first time since Revenge of the Sith. McDiarmid was surprised to learn of the filmmakers' decision to bring back Palpatine, given the character died in Return of the Jedi.[41] The film's director, J. J. Abrams, spoke of Palpatine's inclusion in the sequel trilogy: "...when you look at this as nine chapters of a story, perhaps the weirder thing would be if Palpatine didn't return. You just look at what he talks about, who he is, how important he is, what the story is — strangely, his absence entirely from the third trilogy would be conspicuous".[42] On Palpatine's portrayal in the film, McDiarmid said, "he's fairly physically impaired, but his mind is as sharp as ever."[41]

Makeup and costumes

Transforming McDiarmid into Emperor Palpatine for Return of the Jedi required extensive makeup, which took between two and four hours to apply.[43] Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that the Emperor "looks uncannily like Death in The Seventh Seal,"[44] and film historian Robin Wood compared him to the hag from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937).[45] McDiarmid remarked, "When my face changes in [Revenge of the Sith], my mind went back to the early silent movie of The Phantom of the Opera with Lon Chaney."[46]

Palpatine's wardrobe in the prequels, tailored by costume designer Trisha Biggar, played an important part in the development of the character. In Attack of the Clones, explained McDiarmid, "The costumes ... have got much more edge to them, I think than the mere senator had in The Phantom Menace. So we see the trappings of power."[43] McDiarmid's favorite costume in the film was a high-collared jacket that resembles reptile skin. He stated that "it just feels reptilian, which is exactly right for [Palpatine]." Biggar explained that the character's costumes become "progressively darker and more ornately decorated throughout the movie." She added: "He wears greys and browns, almost going to black, taking him toward the dark side."[47]

In The Rise of Skywalker, Palpatine is unable to move without the aid of a large machine, to which he is attached.[48] His eyes have no pupils and his hands are rotting.[48] Costume designer Michael Kaplan opted to dress Palpatine in a utilitarian black robe, which he wears for the majority of the film.[49] At the end of the film, Palpatine rejuvenates himself using the Force and becomes physically mobile.[48] He dons a new costume—a formal robe with red velvet—which Kaplan refers to as "his true Emperor's garb".[49]

Reception

Todd McCarthy of Variety described McDiarmid's portrayal of Palpatine in Revenge of the Sith as "dominant" and "worth writing home about".[50] Reviewing the same film, Ed Halter of The Village Voice wrote that "McDiarmid's unctuous Emperor turns appropriately vampiric as he attempts to draw Anakin into the Sith fold with promises of eternal life."[51] McDiarmid was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Revenge of the Sith.[citation needed]

According to Cory Barlog, the planned-but-never-produced Star Wars: Underworld television series would have depicted Palpatine in a sympathetic way.[52]

Appearances

Film

Original trilogy

Main article: Star Wars original trilogy

The character is referred to as "the Emperor" in the original trilogy. He is briefly mentioned in Star Wars (1977), the first film in the original trilogy, which was later retitled Episode IV – A New Hope. On the Death Star, Grand Moff Tarkin explains to his fellow Imperials that the Emperor has dissolved the Imperial Senate, the last remnant of the Old Republic. The Emperor does not appear on-screen, leaving Tarkin and Darth Vader as the film's main villains. The Emperor first appears in The Empire Strikes Back, the 1980 sequel to the original film. He appears as a hologram to inform Vader that Luke Skywalker has become a threat to the Empire. Vader persuades him that the young Jedi would be a great asset if he could be turned to the dark side of the Force.[53]

In 1983's Return of the Jedi, the Emperor appears in person to oversee the last stages of the second Death Star's construction. He assures Vader that they will together turn Luke, Vader's son, to the dark side of the Force. Unbeknownst to Vader, the Emperor plans to replace him with Luke; Vader, meanwhile, intends to overthrow the Emperor and rule the galaxy with Luke at his side. When Vader brings Luke before his master, the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi's fear for his friends, whom he has lured into a trap.[53] This leads to a lightsaber duel in which Luke defeats and nearly kills Vader. The Emperor betrays his apprentice by urging Luke to kill Vader and take his place, but Luke refuses and declares himself a Jedi. Enraged, the Emperor attacks Luke with Force lightning. Unable to bear the sight of his son in pain, Vader throws the Emperor down a chasm shortly before the Death Star is destroyed.[53]

Prequel trilogy

Main article: Star Wars prequel trilogy
Ian McDiarmid as Senator Palpatine in The Phantom Menace (1999)

In the 1999 prequel Episode I: The Phantom Menace, set 32 years before A New Hope, Palpatine (named onscreen for the first time) is depicted as a middle-aged Galactic Senator from the planet Naboo.[53] As his alter ego, the Sith Lord Darth Sidious, he advises the corrupt Trade Federation to blockade and invade Naboo.[53] Queen Padmé Amidala of Naboo (Natalie Portman) flees to the planet Coruscant to receive counsel from Palpatine, unaware that he actually engineered the invasion. After a plea for help from the Senate results in bureaucratic delays, Palpatine manipulates and deceives Padmé to call for a motion of no confidence against Supreme Chancellor Finis Valorum (Terence Stamp).[54]

When Padmé attempts to liberate Naboo, Sidious sends his apprentice Darth Maul (portrayed by Ray Park, voiced by Peter Serafinowicz) to capture her. The invasion is eventually thwarted, and Maul is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Jedi Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor).[53] Palpatine uses the crisis to get elected as the new Chancellor of the Republic. He then returns to Naboo, where he befriends the nine-year-old Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd), telling the boy, "We will watch your career with great interest."[54]

In the 2002 sequel Episode II: Attack of the Clones, set 10 years later, Palpatine exploits constitutional loopholes to remain in office after his term expires. Meanwhile, as Sidious, he continues to manipulate events from behind the scenes by having his new Sith apprentice Count Dooku (Christopher Lee) lead a movement of planets in seceding to form the Confederacy of Independent Systems.[53] He has the Separatists try to assassinate Padmé, now a senator, but the attempt on her life fails. He then arranges for Anakin (now played by Hayden Christensen) to guard Padmé on Naboo, which leads to them falling in love and marrying in secret.[55]

With the Separatists secretly building a battle droid army, Palpatine uses the situation to have himself granted emergency powers.[53] Palpatine feigns reluctance to accept this authority, promising to return it to the Senate once the crisis has ended. His first act is to allow a clone army's creation to counter the Separatist threat; this results in the first battle of the Clone Wars. With the galaxy now at war as Sidious planned, Dooku brings him the secret plans for the Death Star.[55]

In the 2005 sequel Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, set three years later, Palpatine is captured by cyborg Separatist leader General Grievous (voiced by Matthew Wood). Palpatine is rescued by Anakin and Obi-Wan, but not before the Jedi confront Dooku again. A duel ensues in which Anakin defeats Dooku. Palpatine then betrays his apprentice by urging Anakin to kill him, leading to the Jedi Knight killing the helpless Count. Palpatine then escapes with his rescuers and returns to Coruscant. By this point, Palpatine has become a virtual dictator, able to take any action in the Senate. He makes Anakin his personal representative on the Jedi Council, whose members deny Anakin the rank of Jedi Master and order him to spy on the Chancellor. Palpatine tells Anakin the story of Darth Plagueis, a powerful Sith Lord who was able to create life and prevent death, but was killed by his own apprentice.[o] Eventually, Palpatine reveals his secret Sith identity to Anakin; he knows that Anakin has been having prophetic visions of Padmé dying in childbirth, and offers to teach him Plagueis' secrets to save Padmé's life.[58]

Anakin informs Jedi Master Mace Windu (Samuel L. Jackson) of Palpatine's treachery. With three other Jedi Masters at his side, Windu attempts to arrest Palpatine, but Palpatine produces a lightsaber and quickly dispatches all but Windu. Palpatine engages Windu in a duel and attacks him with Force lightning; Windu deflects the lightning back into Palpatine's face, deforming it into the gray, wizened visage first seen in the original trilogy. Before Windu can kill Palpatine, Anakin appears and desperate to save Padme, betrays Windu, allowing Palpatine to kill Windu with another blast of lightning. Anakin then reluctantly betrays the Jedi and pledges himself to the dark side as Palpatine's Sith apprentice, Darth Vader.[58]

Palpatine issues Order 66, a command instilled in the Clone Troopers that forcibly compelled them to view their Jedi generals as traitors to the republic and subsequently executing them,[53] while dispatching Vader to kill everyone inside the Jedi Temple and then murder the Separatist leaders on the planet Mustafar. Palpatine deceives the Separatist leaders into believing that Vader would protect them. Palpatine then reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, with himself as Emperor.[53] Jedi Master Yoda (voiced by Frank Oz) confronts Palpatine and engages him in a lightsaber duel that ends in a stalemate.[53] Sensing that Vader is in danger, Palpatine travels to Mustafar and finds his new apprentice near death following a duel with Obi-Wan. After returning to Coruscant, he rebuilds Vader's burned, mutilated body with the black armored suit from the original trilogy. Palpatine then tells Vader that Padmé was killed in the heat of Vader's anger, breaking what remains of Vader's spirit. Palpatine is last seen watching the original Death Star's construction, with Vader and Wilhuff Tarkin (Wayne Pygram) at his side.[58]

Sequel trilogy

Main article: Star Wars sequel trilogy

In the sequel trilogy, set three decades following the events of Return of the Jedi, the First Order has risen from the fallen Empire and seeks to destroy the New Republic, the Resistance, and Luke Skywalker. In the trilogy's first installment, The Force Awakens (2015), Palpatine's voice is heard during a vision that Rey (Daisy Ridley) experiences upon touching Luke and Anakin's lightsaber.[59] In the sequel, The Last Jedi (2017), Luke briefly mentions Palpatine as Darth Sidious while explaining the fall of the Jedi Order to Rey.[60]

Palpatine, again played by McDiarmid, appears in the trilogy's final film, The Rise of Skywalker (2019). Prior to the film's opening, Palpatine threatens revenge against the galaxy, having used the dark side to cheat death.[11][p] This prompts First Order leader and fallen Jedi Kylo Ren (Adam Driver)—the grandson of Anakin and nephew of Luke—to seek him out on the Sith planet Exegol, where a physically impaired Palpatine is supported by machinery.[41][48] Palpatine reveals himself as the power behind Ren's former master, Snoke (Andy Serkis), whom he created to rule the First Order and lure Ren to the dark side.[62][65] He then unveils the Final Order, a massive fleet of Sith Star Destroyers built by the Sith Eternal. Palpatine offers the Sith fleet to Ren on the condition that he find and kill the galaxy's last remaining Jedi, Rey, who is revealed to be Palpatine's granddaughter.[66] It is subsequently revealed that Palpatine had a son who renounced him; the son and his partner took their daughter Rey to the planet Jakku, assuming lives as "nobodies" to keep her safe. Palpatine's assassin Ochi eventually found Rey's parents and killed them on his orders, but never found Rey.[66]

Near the end of the film, Rey arrives on Exegol to confront Palpatine. Surrounded by his Sith loyalists, Palpatine embodies all the Sith's power.[11][67][61] He orders Rey to kill him in anger so his spirit can pass into her, which will allow him to possess her body.[68] Rey refuses, and she and Ren (now the redeemed Ben Solo) confront Palpatine together. Sensing their power as a dyad in the Force, Palpatine absorbs their life energy to rejuvenate his body. He incapacitates Ben and attacks the Resistance fleet with Force lightning. Rey uses the power of the past Jedi to face Palpatine once more; he attacks her with lightning, but Rey deflects it using the Skywalker lightsabers, finally killing Palpatine and his Sith loyalists.[66][61]

Television

The Clone Wars

In the 2008 animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the subsequent animated series (set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith), Palpatine continues to serve as Supreme Chancellor while his Sith identity orchestrates the Clone Wars behind the scenes. Palpatine was voiced by Ian Abercrombie (from 2008 to his death in 2012), and by Tim Curry (from 2012 to 2014).[69][70] In the film, Sidious engineers a Separatist plot in which Count Dooku (voiced by Corey Burton) turns Jabba the Hutt (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) against the Republic by kidnapping his son Rotta and framing the Jedi for it. Meanwhile, Palpatine suggests that the Republic ally itself with the Hutts. Although Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano (voiced by Ashley Eckstein) foil the plot, the outcome suits Palpatine's ends: Jabba places Hutt hyperspace routes at the Republic's disposal.[71]

In season two of the TV series, Sidious hires bounty hunter Cad Bane (voiced by Corey Burton) to infiltrate the Jedi Temple and steal a holocron. He then takes a valuable Kyber memory crystal that contains the names of thousands of Force-sensitive younglings – the future of the Jedi Order – from around the galaxy. The final stage of the plot: to bring four Force-sensitive children to Sidious' secret facility on Mustafar. Anakin and Ahsoka again foil the plot, but Bane escapes and all evidence of Sidious' involvement is lost.[72] In season three, Sidious senses Dooku's assassin Asajj Ventress (voiced by Nika Futterman) becoming powerful in the dark side and orders Dooku to eliminate her; he suspects that Dooku is planning to have Ventress assassinate him. Ventress survives and her revenge against Dooku sets off a chain of events including the return of Sidious' former apprentice and Dooku's predecessor, Darth Maul.[73]

In season five, Sidious personally travels to the planet Mandalore to confront Maul, who has become the leader of Death Watch. Sidious kills Maul's brother Savage Opress (voiced by Clancy Brown) before torturing Maul with the intent to make use of his former apprentice. In season six, Sidious goes to lengths to conceal his plan from the Jedi by silencing Clone Trooper Fives from learning of Order 66, and having Dooku wipe out anything tied to the former Jedi Master's connection to the conspiracy.[74][75]

Rebels

In Star Wars Rebels, set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, Palpatine is portrayed as the Emperor of the Galactic Empire. He briefly appears off-screen at the end of season two's premiere "The Siege of Lothal" (originally voiced by Sam Witwer and later Ian McDiarmid from 2019). Darth Vader informs Palpatine that the Rebel Alliance cell on Lothal has been broken and that Ahsoka Tano is alive and is now helping the Rebels. Palpatine sees this as an opportunity to seek out other remaining Jedi, ordering Vader to dispatch an Inquisitor to hunt down Ahsoka.[76]

Sam Witwer originally provided the voice for Palpatine in Rebels

Palpatine returns physically in season four (voiced again by McDiarmid). In the episodes "Wolves and a Door" and "A World Between Worlds", he appears as a hologram overseeing the excavation of the Lothal Jedi Temple, which contains a portal to a separate dimension of the Force outside of space and time, which Palpatine considers a 'conduit between the living and the dead' that could give him unrivaled power of the Force itself if he can access it. Shortly after Ezra Bridger (voiced by Taylor Gray) reaches through time and space to rescue Ahsoka from Vader, Palpatine sets up a portal that shows Jedi Master Kanan Jarrus' (voiced by Freddie Prinze Jr.) final moments. While Ezra wants to reach through the portal and rescue Kanan, Ahsoka convinces him not to. Palpatine then reveals himself through the portal and attacks Ezra with Force lightning. However, Ahsoka and Ezra manage to evade him and go their separate ways, thus denying Palpatine full power.[77]

Palpatine later returns in the series finale "Family Reunion - and Farewell". In the episode, Ezra, having surrendered himself to Grand Admiral Thrawn (voiced by Lars Mikkelsen) to protect Lothal, is taken by him to a room containing a reconstructed section of the ruined Jedi Temple and a hologram of Palpatine as he appears in the prequel films. Palpatine, having acknowledged the threat Ezra poses to the Empire, presents himself as a kindly old man and shows Ezra a vision of his dead parents through a doorway, promising that the youth will be with them if he enters it. Ezra is initially mesmerized by Palpatine's promise and goes to enter the door, but finally resists and destroys the reconstructed Jedi Temple and the illusion. Palpatine's hologram emerges from the rubble, flickering to show his true self, and commands his Royal Guards to kill Ezra, though Ezra manages to defeat them and escape. According to series creator Dave Filoni, the events of Rogue One and A New Hope happen shortly after this episode, thus refocusing Palpatine's attention from Ezra and Lothal's liberation to the Rebel Alliance and Luke Skywalker.[78]

The Bad Batch

Palpatine appears in the first season of the 2021 animated series Star Wars: The Bad Batch. The series is set during (and immediately following) the events of the 2005 film Revenge of the Sith. The series' first episode depicts Palpatine's senate speech from the film in animated form, using the archive sound of McDiarmid's dialogue. As in the film, Palpatine orders the extermination of the Jedi and declares himself emperor.[79]

Palpatine appears in season 3, in which he inspects the progress of Project Necromancer's clone experiments under the supervision of Imperial scientist Dr. Hemlock.[80]

Obi-Wan Kenobi

Palpatine appears in the sixth episode of the 2022 series Obi-Wan Kenobi. The series is set ten years after Revenge of the Sith. After Darth Vader is defeated by Obi-Wan Kenobi following their second duel, Palpatine contacts Vader in his Mustafar castle via hologram, questioning Vader's motives and loyalty when Vader reports that he will not rest until Obi-Wan is found. Vader reassures Palpatine that Obi-Wan does not mean anything, reaffirms his commitment to Palpatine and abandons his search.[81]

Tales of the Jedi

Darth Sidous appears in the fourth episode of the Tales of the Jedi TV series talking with Darth Tyrranus.

Books and comics

The first appearance of Palpatine in Star Wars literature was in the prologue of Alan Dean Foster's ghostwritten novelization of the script of A New Hope, published as Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (1976).[82][83] His background as a senator of the Republic was explored in James Kahn's novelization of Return of the Jedi.[7]

Palpatine also appears in Rae Carson's novelization of The Rise of Skywalker, which expands upon the film's story. In the book, Palpatine is revealed to have discovered the "secret to immortality" from his former master, Darth Plagueis, using this knowledge to survive after his death in Return of the Jedi.[63][84][p] The novelization also describes Palpatine's son as a failed clone of himself.[63][85] However, the 2021 book Skywalker: A Family at War describes Palpatine's son as an "offshoot of [his] genetic research, not precisely a clone but made of cloned tissue and donated cells."[86][87]

Star Wars: Lords of the Sith (2015) was one of the first canon spin-off novels to be released in the Disney canon begun in 2014.[88] In it, Vader and Palpatine find themselves hunted by revolutionaries on the Twi'lek home planet Ryloth.[89][90] In Thrawn (2017), the titular character warns Palpatine of "threats lurking in the Unknown Regions." Chuck Wendig's Aftermath book trilogy reveals that, prior to his death, Palpatine enacted a plan for the remnants of the Empire, intended to be led by his adoptive son Gallius Rax, to retreat to the Unknown Regions, where they formed into the First Order.[91] The dark side was thought to be concentrated in this region, where one Sith cultist believed that Palpatine would be found alive.[92] The upcoming illustrated book Star Wars: The Secrets of the Sith is told from Palpatine's perspective.[93]

Palpatine appears frequently in the comic book series Darth Vader: Dark Lord of the Sith (2017–2018), written by Kieron Gillen and Charles Soule. It is suggested at the end of the series that Palpatine manipulated the Force to impregnate Vader's mother Shmi Skywalker, making him, in essence, Vader's father—although this is left somewhat ambiguous.[56] This builds on the plot point of Anakin's virgin birth introduced in The Phantom Menace, and the claim that a Sith lord "could use the Force to influence the midi-chlorians to create life," as Palpatine tells Anakin in Revenge of the Sith.[o] This would seem to have incestuous implications for Rey and Ben Solo at the end of The Rise of Skywalker,[94][q] but Soule says that "The Dark Side is not a reliable narrator," and a Lucasfilm story group member who collaborated on the comic confirmed that a direct connection between Palpatine and Vader was not their intent.[96]

The character also appears in the final chapter of the comic book Star Wars: The Rise of Kylo Ren (2020), which illustrates Palpatine's manipulation of the young Ben Solo into becoming Kylo Ren.[97]

Video games

Star Wars Battlefront II adds a canonical tale spanning the destruction of the second Death Star through the events of The Force Awakens. The story takes an Imperial perspective, following an elite squadron known as Inferno Squad, led by Iden Versio, as they help execute Operation: Cinder following the Emperor's death. Operation: Cinder was carried out by the Galactic Empire as a means of devastating several Imperial planets a few weeks after the Battle of Endor. The operation was part of the "Contingency", a plan devised by Emperor Palpatine to ensure that the Empire and its enemies would not outlive him should he perish. The plan was put into action following the Emperor's death during the Battle of Endor.[98]

Palpatine's threat of revenge referenced in the opening crawl of The Rise of Skywalker was included in the finale of the Fortnite: Battle Royale X Star Wars event.[99] The character has appeared in every Lego Star Wars video game to date, including Lego Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga.[100]

Star Wars Legends

See also: Star Wars in other media

Following the acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, most of the licensed Star Wars Expanded Universe material produced between 1977 and 2014 was rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise. The Legends works comprise a separate narrative universe.[r]

Clone Wars

Palpatine appears in the Clone Wars micro-series, which is set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. In the first chapter, Palpatine discovers that the InterGalactic Banking Clan has established battle droid factories on the planet Muunilinst. He agrees to send a strike force that includes Anakin Skywalker and suggests that Anakin be given "special command" of Obi-Wan Kenobi's fighters. Yoda and Obi-Wan initially speak against the idea but eventually agree.[105] In the seventh chapter, a holographic image of Sidious appears shortly after Dooku trains the Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress. Sidious orders Ventress to track down and kill Anakin. He remarks to Dooku that Ventress is certain to be defeated, but that the purpose of her mission is to test Anakin.[106] In the final chapters, Sidious orders General Grievous to begin an assault on the galactic capital.[107] Later, Palpatine watches as the Separatist invasion of Coruscant begins. Grievous breaks through the Chancellor's window and attempts to kidnap him, leading to a long chase during which Palpatine is protected by the Jedi Shaak Ti, Roron Corobb and Foul Moudama.[108] After Grievous defeats the Jedi, Palpatine is taken aboard the Invisible Hand, setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith.[109]

Books and comics

Palpatine made his first major appearance in Star Wars-related comic books in 1991 and 1992, with the Dark Empire series written by Tom Veitch and illustrated by Cam Kennedy. In the series (set six years after Return of the Jedi), Palpatine is resurrected as the Emperor Reborn, or "Palpatine the Undying". His spirit returns from the netherworld of the Force with the aid of Sith ghosts on Korriban and possesses the body of Jeng Droga, one of Palpatine's elite spies and assassins known as the Emperor's Hands. Droga flees to a secret Imperial base on the planet Byss, where the Emperor's advisor Sate Pestage exorcises Palpatine's spirit and channels it into one of many clones created by Palpatine before his death. Palpatine attempts to resume control of the galaxy, but Luke Skywalker, now a senior Jedi Knight, sabotages his plans. Luke destroys most of Palpatine's cloning tanks but is only able to defeat the Emperor with help from Leia Organa Solo, who has received rudimentary Jedi training from Luke. The two repel a Force storm Palpatine had created and turn it back onto him, once again destroying his physical form.[110]

Palpatine's ultimate fate is further chronicled in the Dark Empire II and Empire's End series of comics. The Dark Empire II series, published from 1994 to 1995, details how the Emperor is once again reborn on Byss into a clone body. Palpatine tries to rebuild the Empire as the Rebel Alliance grows weak.[111] In Empire's End (1995), a traitorous Imperial guard bribes Palpatine's cloning supervisor to tamper with the Emperor's stored DNA samples. This causes the clones to deteriorate at a rapid rate. Palpatine tries to possess the body of Anakin Solo, the infant son of Leia Organa and Han Solo, before the clone body dies, but is thwarted once again by Luke Skywalker. Palpatine is killed by a blaster shot fired by Han, but his spirit is captured by the mortally wounded Jedi Empatojayos Brand. When Brand dies, he takes Palpatine's spirit with him into the netherworld of the Force, destroying the Sith Lord once and for all.[112]

Novels and comics published before 1999 focus on Palpatine's role as Galactic Emperor. Shadows of the Empire (1996) by Steve Perry and The Mandalorian Armor (1998) by K. W. Jeter—both set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi—show how Palpatine uses crime lords such as Prince Xizor and bounty hunters like Boba Fett to fight his enemies.[113][114] In the Jedi Prince series of young-reader novels (1992–1993) by Paul and Hollace Davids, set about a year after Return of the Jedi, a three-eyed mutant named Triclops is revealed to be Palpatine's illegitimate son;[115] he had a son named Ken, the titular "Jedi Prince". Barbara Hambly's novel Children of the Jedi (1995), set eight years after Return of the Jedi, features a woman named Roganda Ismaren who claims that Palpatine fathered her son Irek.[116]

After the release of The Phantom Menace, writers were allowed to begin exploring Palpatine's backstory as a politician and Sith lord. The comic "Marked" by Rob Williams, printed in Star Wars Tales 24 (2005), and Michael Reaves' novel Darth Maul: Shadow Hunter (2001) explain Darth Sidious' relationship with his apprentice Darth Maul.[117][118] Cloak of Deception (2001) by James Luceno follows Reaves' novel and details how Darth Sidious encourages the Trade Federation to build an army of battle droids in preparation for the invasion of Naboo. Cloak of Deception also focuses on Palpatine's early political career, revealing how he becomes a confidant of Chancellor Finis Valorum and acquainted with Padmé Amidala, newly elected queen of Naboo.[119] Palpatine's role during the Clone Wars as Chancellor of the Republic and Darth Sidious is portrayed in novels such as Matthew Stover's Shatterpoint (2003), Steven Barnes' The Cestus Deception (2004), Sean Stewart's Yoda: Dark Rendezvous (2004), and Luceno's Labyrinth of Evil (2005) and Darth Plagueis (2012).

Following the theatrical release of Revenge of the Sith, Star Wars literature focused on Palpatine's role after the creation of the Empire. John Ostrander's comic Star Wars Republic 78: Loyalties (2005) chronicles how, shortly after seizing power, Emperor Palpatine sends Darth Vader to assassinate Sagoro Autem, an Imperial captain who plans to defect from the Empire.[120] In Luceno's novel Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader (2005) (set shortly after Revenge of the Sith), the Emperor sends Darth Vader to the planet Murkhana to discover why clone troopers there refused to carry out Order 66 against their Jedi generals. Palpatine hopes these early missions will teach Vader what it means to be a Sith and crush any remnants of Anakin Skywalker.[121]

James Luceno's 2012 novel Darth Plagueis depicts Palpatine's early life, prior to the films. The scion of an aristocratic family on Naboo, Palpatine first turns toward the dark side upon meeting the titular Sith lord. Sensing great power in Palpatine, Plageuis takes him on as his Sith apprentice. In the final test of his devotion to the dark side, Palpatine kills his parents and his brother and sister.[122]

Video games

In The Force Unleashed, the Empire has captured the rebel leaders and holds them on the Death Star. Vader's former apprentice Galen Marek/Starkiller battles his way through the station, defeats Vader and faces the Emperor, who tries to goad him into killing Vader so Starkiller can take his place. Starkiller defeats the Emperor, but spares him. The Emperor then unleashes Force lightning at Starkiller's companion Rahm Kota, but Starkiller absorbs it, sacrificing himself to allow the rebels to escape.

In the noncanonical dark side ending Starkiller kills Vader and is congratulated by the Emperor, who commands him to kill Kota. Starkiller instead attacks the Emperor, who foils his attempt and then crushes him and the rebels with a ship. Starkiller later awakens to find his body being grafted with armor to continue serving the Emperor.

In the downloadable content for The Force Unleashed II, the Rebel Alliance gets defeated at the Battle of Endor. The Emperor then subdues Vader with Force lightning while chastising him for resurrecting his failed apprentice as a clone.

Characterization

According to prologue of Alan Dean Foster's 1976 novelization of the original Star Wars film,

Aided and abetted by restless, power-hungry individuals within the government, and the massive organs of commerce, the ambitious Senator Palpatine caused himself to be elected President of the Republic. He promised to reunite the disaffected among the people and to restore the remembered glory of the Republic. Once secure in office he declared himself Emperor, shutting himself away from the populace. Soon he was controlled by the very assistants and boot-lickers he had appointed to high office, and the cries of the people for justice did not reach his ears.[82]

In Cloak of Deception, Luceno writes that Palpatine carefully guards his privacy and "others found his reclusiveness intriguing, as if he led a secret life".[123] Despite this, he has many allies in the government. Luceno writes, "What Palpatine lacked in charisma, he made up for in candor, and it was that directness that had led to his widespread appeal in the senate. ... For in his heart he judged the universe on his own terms, with a clear sense of right and wrong."[123] In Terry Brooks' novelization of The Phantom Menace, Palpatine claims to embrace democratic principles. He tells Queen Amidala, "I promise, Your Majesty, if I am elected [chancellor of the Republic], I will restore democracy to the Republic. I will put an end to the corruption that has plagued the Senate."[124] A Visual Dictionary states that he is a self-proclaimed savior.[125] According to the Star Wars Encyclopedia, "[Palpatine's] Empire ... is based on tyranny."[126]

Expanded Universe materials explicitly establish that Palpatine was the apprentice of Darth Plagueis.[127] Palpatine is characterized as "the most powerful practitioner of the Sith ways in modern times."[128] Palpatine is so powerful that he is able to mask his true identity from the Jedi for decades. In the novel Shatterpoint, Mace Windu remarks to Yoda, "A shame [Palpatine] can't touch the Force. He might have been a fine Jedi."[129]

The Star Wars Databank explains that the Force "granted him inhuman dexterity and speed, agility enough to quickly kill three Jedi Masters" (as depicted in Revenge of the Sith).[53] Stover describes the duel between Yoda and Palpatine in his novelization of Revenge of the Sith thus: "From the shadow of a black wing, a small weapon ... slid into a withered hand and spat a flame-colored blade ... When those blades met, it was more than Yoda against Palpatine, more the millennia of Sith against the legions of Jedi; this was the expression of the fundamental conflict of the universe itself. Light against dark. Winner takes all."[130] During the duel, Yoda realizes that Sidious is a superior warrior, and represents a small but powerful Sith Order that had changed and evolved over the years, while the Jedi had not: "He had lost before he started. He had lost before he was born."[131]

According to the Databank and New Essential Guide to Characters, Palpatine possesses great patience and his maneuverings are as a dejarik grandmaster moves pieces on a board.[132] He is depicted as a diabolical genius.[133][134]

With the premiere of Return of the Jedi and the prequel films and the accompanying merchandising campaign, Palpatine became an icon in American popular culture. Academics have debated the relationship of Palpatine to modern culture. Religion scholars Ross Shepard Kraemer, William Cassidy, and Susan Schwartz compare Palpatine and Star Wars heroes to the theological concept of dualism. They insist, "One can certainly picture the evil emperor in Star Wars as Satan, complete with his infernal powers, leading his faceless minions such as his red-robed Imperial Guards."[135] Lawrence and Jewett argue that Vader killing Palpatine in Return of the Jedi represented "the permanent subduing of evil".[136] However, according to director J. J. Abrams, Palpatine's return in The Rise of Skywalker represented the idea that evil can return as a result of complacency.[137] He said, "I think the idea that if we are not careful, the evil — the ultimate evil — will rise again."[137]

Since Return of the Jedi and the prequel films, Palpatine's name has been invoked as a caricature in politics. A Seattle Post-Intelligencer editorial noted that anti-pork bloggers were caricaturing West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd as "the Emperor Palpatine of pork", with Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska having "clear aspirations to be his Darth Vader." The charge followed a report that linked a secret hold on the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 to the two senators.[138] Politicians have made comparisons as well. In 2005, Democratic Senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey compared Republican Majority Leader Bill Frist of Tennessee to Palpatine in a speech on the Senate floor, complete with a visual aid.[139]

A Fox News editorial stated "no cultural icon can exist without someone trying to stuff it into a political ideology. The Star Wars saga, the greatest pop culture icon of the last three decades, is no exception... Palpatine's dissolution of the Senate in favor of imperial rule has been compared to Julius Caesar's marginalization of the Roman Senate, Hitler's power-grabs as chancellor on his way to becoming a dictator, Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed court-packing scheme and the creation of a perceived Imperial Presidency in the United States."[140]

On the Internet

In the mid-late 2010s, Palpatine became the subject of various internet memes, which referenced certain lines of dialogue he spoke in Revenge of the Sith.[141][142][143]

Notes

  1. ^ Return of the Jedi (1983)
  2. ^ a b Marjorie Eaton portrays the holographic Emperor in the original release of The Empire Strikes Back. McDiarmid replaces Eaton in the 2004 Special Edition.
  3. ^ Original release of The Empire Strikes Back
  4. ^ Rebels, season 2 since 2019, season 4, Tales of the Jedi
  5. ^ Clone Wars
  6. ^ Rebels, season 2 until 2019, The Force Unleashed, The Force Unleashed II, Lego Star Wars games, Battlefront II (2017)
  7. ^ The Clone Wars film and TV series, seasons 1–6)
  8. ^ The Clone Wars, seasons 5–6
  9. ^ Lego Star Wars films and television series
  10. ^ a b The expanded edition novelization of The Rise of Skywalker and the novel Shadow of the Sith reveal that both Snoke and Dathan were "strand-cast" clones of Palpatine himself.[3][4]
  11. ^ Palpatine's family members in the Star Wars Legends narrative universe include Cosinga Palpatine (father), Sly Moore (romantic partner), Triclops Palpatine (son), Kendalina (daughter-in-law), Ken Palpatine (grandson) and Mara Jade Skywalker (surrogate granddaughter).
  12. ^ Palpatine's apprentices in the Star Wars Legends narrative universe include A Nikto, Vergere, Garth Ezzar, Ferus Olin, Mara Jade, Cronal, Ennix Devian, Lumiya, Luke Skywalker and Sedriss QL.
  13. ^ Later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV—A New Hope
  14. ^ In his early drafts, Lucas used the plot point of a dictator staying in power with the support of the military. In his comment (made in the prequel trilogy era) Lucas attributed this to Nixon's supposed intention to defy the 22nd Amendment,[19] but the president resigned in his second term. In the novelization of Attack of the Clones, it is noted that Palpatine had manipulated the law to stay in office as Supreme Chancellor for several years past his original term limit.[20]
  15. ^ a b In the rough draft of Revenge of the Sith, Palpatine tells Anakin that he "used the power of the Force to will the midichlorians to start the cell divisions" that conceived him.[56] Prequel trilogy producer Rick McCallum has stated that the scene in which Palpatine relates the story of Darth Plagueis is about Anakin's origins.[57]
  16. ^ a b While The Rise of Skywalker (2019) is ambiguous about Palpatine's return, the film proposes the explanation: "dark science, cloning, secrets only the Sith knew".[61] Palpatine himself attributes his return to "unnatural" dark side abilities.[62] The film's novelization reveals that Palpatine had used Darth Plagueis' knowledge to cheat death by transferring his consciousness into a clone body.[63][64]
  17. ^ According to the film's novelization, their kiss was one of "gratitude, acknowledgement of their connection, celebration that they'd found each other".[95]
  18. ^ Attributed to multiple references:
    [101][102][103][104]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Gourley, Matt. "I Was There Too". earwolf.com. Earwolf. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  2. ^ a b @pablohidalgo (October 26, 2016). "Okay here's what I've got. It is not Elaine Baker in the movie. @PhilTippett sculpted the piece and Rick applied it" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  3. ^ Agar, Chris (March 4, 2020). "Star Wars Confirms Rey's Father Is A Failed Palpatine Clone". Screen Rant. Valnet Inc. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  4. ^ Lussier, Germain (April 9, 2023). "Ian McDiarmid Has the Best Perspective On Palpatine's Star Wars Journey". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on September 23, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Kaminski 2008, pp. 170–172.
  6. ^ Keenan, Alex (September 20, 2022). "George Lucas' Original Emperor Plan Would've Made Star Wars Worse". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Kahn, James (1983). Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi. New York: Del Rey Books. p. 69. ISBN 0-345-30767-4.
  8. ^ Luceno, James (2014). Tarkin. New York: Del Rey Books. p. 93. ISBN 9780345511522.
  9. ^ Bouzereau, Laurent (1997). Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays. New York City: Ballantine Books. p. 173. ISBN 978-0345409812.
  10. ^ a b Rinzler, J. W. (2010). The Making of The Empire Strikes Back. New York City: Del Rey Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84513-555-3. OCLC 506251987. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  11. ^ a b c "Emperor Palpatine/Darth Sidious". Star Wars Databank. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  12. ^ Gemmill, Allie (November 25, 2019). "Rise of Skywalker: J.J. Abrams Explains the Motive For Palpatine's Return". Collider. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  13. ^ Sciretta, Peter (December 15, 2015). "Interview: J.J. Abrams Talks About Abandoning George Lucas' Treatments And Lessons Of The Star Wars Prequels". SlashFilm. Archived from the original on September 23, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  14. ^ Gates, Christopher (May 5, 2019). "False Facts About Palpatine You Always Thought Were True". Grunge.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  15. ^ Pollock, Dale (1999). Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas. New York City: Da Capo Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-306-80904-0.
  16. ^ Reagin, Nancy R.; Liedl, Janice (October 15, 2012). Star Wars and History. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. pp. 32, 144. ISBN 9781118285251. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  17. ^ "Star Wars: Attack of the Clones". Time. April 21, 2002. Archived from the original on June 5, 2002. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  18. ^ McDowell, John C. (2007). The Gospel according to Star Wars: Faith, Hope, and the Force. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1611648140.
  19. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 95.
  20. ^ Molotsky, Irvin (November 29, 1987). "Reagan Wants End of Two-Term Limit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  21. ^ Caro, Mark (May 18, 2005). "'Star Wars' inadvertently hits too close to U.S.'s role". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  22. ^ Dykstra, Debbie. "Interview: George Lucas lets Ian McDiarmid and Hayden Christensen get their Revenge in Episode III". SciFi.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006.
  23. ^ Bouzereau, p. 265.
  24. ^ George Lucas, commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2004), disc 1.
  25. ^ Bowen, Jonathan L. (2005). Anticipation: The Real-Life Story of Star Wars: Episode I-The Phantom Menace. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-595-34732-2.
  26. ^ Bowen, pp. 93–94.
  27. ^ Liedl, Janice; Reagin, Nancy R., eds. (2012). Star Wars and History. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470602003.
  28. ^ Wilkens, Alasdair (October 10, 2010). "Yoda was originally played by a monkey in a mask, and other secrets of The Empire Strikes Back". i09. New York City: Univision Communications. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  29. ^ Reddish, David (November 19, 2016). "Star Wars: 15 Things You Never Knew About Emperor Palpatine". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  30. ^ Palpatine, Behind the Scenes, at the Star Wars Databank. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Archived December 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ^ Rinzler, J.W. (October 22, 2013). The Making of Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (Enhanced ed.). New York City: Ballantine Group. ISBN 9780345543363. Archived from the original on September 23, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  32. ^ Chernoff, Scott (May–June 2000). "Clive Revill: Voice of the Emperor". Star Wars Insider. No. 60. London, England: Titan Magazines. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2018 – via wizardsandwarriors.org.
  33. ^ Hyde, Douglas (September 23, 2004). "Five major changes in the 'Star Wars' DVD". Atlanta, Georgia: CNN. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  34. ^ a b "Ian McDiarmid: Dark Force Rising". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  35. ^ Horwitz, Simi (May 25, 2006). "The Emperor's New Role". BackStage. Los Angeles, California: Backstage, LLC. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
  36. ^ "Actors and Characters - Part II: Star Wars Episode I: Production Notes". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  37. ^ "The Exercise of Power: Ian McDiarmid: Dark Force Rising". StarWars.com. January 24, 2002. Archived from the original on December 15, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  38. ^ "Palpatine's Point of View". StarWars.com. May 26, 2005. Archived from the original on November 12, 2006.
  39. ^ "Becoming Sidious," Web Documentary, Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, Bonus Materials (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2005), disc 2; also available at StarWars.com. Retrieved August 17, 2006. Archived August 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Cast and Crew of Revenge of the Sith, at StarWars.com. Retrieved August 17, 2006. Archived August 15, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ a b c Schoellkopf, Christina (December 17, 2019). "Emperor Palpatine actor was done with Star Wars. Then J.J. Abrams called". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  42. ^ Ryan, Mike (November 25, 2019). "J.J. Abrams On The Rise Of Skywalker And The Return Of Palpatine (And, Yes, Maclunkey)". Uproxx. Culver City, California: Uproxx Media Group. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  43. ^ a b "Ian McDiarmid: Dark Force Rising". StarWars.com. December 15, 2006. Archived from the original on December 15, 2006. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  44. ^ Ebert, Roger (March 14, 1997). "Return of the Jedi, Special Edition". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago, Illinois: Sun-Times Media Group. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2006 – via rogerebert.com.
  45. ^ Wood, Robin (2003). Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan...and Beyond: A Revised and Expanded Edition of the Classic Text. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-231-12966-4.
  46. ^ "Palpatine's Point of View," in Homing Beacon 137, May 26, 2005, StarWars.com. Retrieved August 17, 2006. Archived November 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "An Introduction to Episode III: Crafting Revenge". StarWars.com. San Francisco, California: Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on December 14, 2005. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  48. ^ a b c d Gonzales, Dave (December 19, 2019). "Answering the biggest questions about Emperor Palpatine's return to Star Wars". Polygon. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  49. ^ a b Sporn, Stephanie (December 20, 2019). "How Michael Kaplan Costumed 700 Creatures in The Rise of Skywalker". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  50. ^ McCarthy, Todd (May 5, 2005). "Revenge of the Sith". Variety. Los Angeles, California.
  51. ^ Halter, Ed (May 11, 2005). "May the Force Be Over; The end of the beginning: Lucas's adolescent space opera concludes in a CGI Sith Storm". The Village Voice. New York City: Voice Media Group. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  52. ^ Moore, Trent (June 23, 2016). "Aborted Star Wars Underworld TV series would've featured a 'sympathetic' Emperor Palpatine". SyFy Wire. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Palpatine". Star Wars Databank. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
  54. ^ a b Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (DVD). Los Angeles, California: 20th Century Fox. 1999.
  55. ^ a b Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (DVD). Los Angeles, California: 20th Century Fox. 2002.
  56. ^ a b Young, Bryan (December 28, 2018). "Darth Vader's Father Revealed in Star Wars Comic?". /Film. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
  57. ^ Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith audio commentary (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. 2005. Event occurs at 45.
  58. ^ a b c Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (DVD). Los Angeles, California: 20th Century Fox. 2005.
  59. ^ Acuna, Kristen (July 26, 2017). "A new book reveals details about Rey's vision in 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' you may have missed before". Insider Inc. New York City: Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  60. ^ Frazier, Adam (November 7, 2019). "The Emperor Reborn: What Palpatine's Return Means For The Rise of Skywalker". /Film. Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
  61. ^ a b c Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (Blu-ray). Los Angeles, California: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. 2019.
  62. ^ a b Robinson, Joanna; Breznican, Anthony (December 20, 2019). "A Guide to All the Old Star Wars References in The Rise of Skywalker". Vanity Fair. New York City: Condé Nast. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  63. ^ a b c Carson, Rae (2020). Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Expanded Edition. New York City: Del Rey Books. ISBN 978-0593128404.
  64. ^ Fraser, Kevin (March 4, 2020). "Rise of Skywalker novel explains how the Emperor survived Return of the Jedi". JoBlo.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  65. ^ Tyler, Adrienne (December 25, 2019). "Star Wars: Rise of Skywalker Finally Explains How The First Order Are So Powerful". Screen Rant. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Valnet Inc. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  66. ^ a b c McCluskey, Megan (December 20, 2019). "Breaking Down That Shocking Rey Reveal in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker". Time. New York City: Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  67. ^ Schedeen, Jesse (December 21, 2019). "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's Hidden Planet Explained". IGN. San Francisco, California: j2 Global. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
  68. ^ Elvy, Craig (December 26, 2019). "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker - Palpatine's Plan & Sith Ritual Explained". Screen Rant. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Valnet Inc. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  69. ^ "Ian Abercrombie, Who Played the Boss on Seinfeld, Dies at 77". The New York Times. New York City. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  70. ^ Young, Bryan (February 28, 2013). "Exclusive: Tim Curry Joins Star Wars". Huffington Post. New York City. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  71. ^ Star Wars: The Clone Wars (DVD). Warner Bros. Pictures. 2008.
  72. ^ Star Wars: The Clone Wars Season 2: Rise of the Bounty Hunters (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Warner Bros. Television. 2009.
  73. ^ Star Wars: The Clone Wars Season 3: Secrets Revealed (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Warner Bros. Television. 2010.
  74. ^ Star Wars: The Clone Wars Season 5 (DVD). Warner Bros. Television. 2012–13.
  75. ^ Star Wars: The Clone Wars Season 6: The Lost Missions (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Lucasfilm Ltd. 2014.
  76. ^ Star Wars Rebels Season 2 (DVD). Walt Disney. 2015.
  77. ^ Star Wars Rebels Season 4 (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Walt Disney. 2017.
  78. ^ Nguyen, Hanh (March 6, 2018). "'Star Wars Rebels' Finale: That Surprise Ending Cameo, Ezra's Big Face-Off, and Possibilities for the Future". IndieWire. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  79. ^ Miller, David (May 6, 2021). "Every Revenge of the Sith Scene in Bad Batch Episode 1". Screen Rant. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Valnet, Inc. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  80. ^ "Star Wars' Project Necromancer & Palpatine's Resurrection Fully Explained". Screenrant. February 25, 2024. Archived from the original on September 23, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  81. ^ Outlaw, Kofi (June 22, 2022). "Obi-Wan Kenobi Finale Features Some Major Star Wars Character Cameos". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  82. ^ a b Lucas, George; Foster, Alan Dean (1976). Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (paperback). New York City: Del Ray Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-345-26079-6.
  83. ^ Kaminski 2008, p. 172.
  84. ^ Cavanaugh, Patrick (March 4, 2020). "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Novelization Details How Palpatine Survived the Death Star II, Thanks to Plagueis". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  85. ^ Agar, Chris (March 4, 2020). "Star Wars Confirms Rey's Father Is A Failed Palpatine Clone". Screen Rant. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Valnet Inc. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  86. ^ Lussier, Germain (April 5, 2021). "Star Wars' Skywalker Family History Uncovers Ben Solo and Rey's Childhoods". i09. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  87. ^ Baver, Kristin (2021). Star Wars Skywalker: A Family at War. London, England: DK. ISBN 978-0241467763.
  88. ^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  89. ^ Keane, Sean (April 28, 2015). "REVIEW: Star Wars: Lords of the Sith throws Darth Vader and the Emperor onto the battlefield". Daily News. New York City: Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  90. ^ Goldman, Eric (May 9, 2015). "Star Wars: Lords of the Sith Review". IGN. San Francisco, California: j2 Global. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  91. ^ Ratcliffe, Amy (June 2, 2017). "The Possibilities of the Unknown Regions in STAR WARS". Nerdist. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  92. ^ Colbert, Stephen M. (April 25, 2019). "Star Wars 9 Theory: Snoke Was Actually Palpatine All Along". Screen Rant. Montreal, Ontario, Canada: Valnet, Inc. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  93. ^ Brooks, Dan (July 1, 2021). "Unlimited Power! How Star Wars: The Secrets of the Sith Will Take Fans to the Dark Side". StarWars.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  94. ^ Gramuglia, Anthony (December 25, 2019). "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Might Have More Accidental Incest". CBR. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Valnet, Inc. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  95. ^ Tassi, Paul (March 5, 2020). "No, The 'Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker' Novel Didn't Kill The Kylo-Rey Romance". Forbes. New York City. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  96. ^ Lovett, Jamie (December 24, 2019). "Star Wars Story Group Member Debunks Palpatine and Anakin Theory". ComicBook.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
  97. ^ Outlaw, Kofi (March 11, 2020). "Star Wars Reveals How Palpatine Turned Ben Solo into Kylo Ren". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  98. ^ Bacon, Thomas (June 23, 2019). "Star Wars: Palpatine's Plan For After His Death Revealed". Screen Rant. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Valnet Inc. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  99. ^ Bacon, Thomas (December 24, 2019). "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Explains Missing Plot Point... In Fortnite". Screen Rant. Valnet Inc. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  100. ^ "Opening Night Live: 20 Details We Love From the New LEGO Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga Trailer". StarWars.com. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  101. ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  102. ^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  103. ^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  104. ^ Dinsdale, Ryan (May 4, 2023). "The Star Wars Canon: The Definitive Guide". IGN. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  105. ^ "Chapter 1". Star Wars: Clone Wars. Season 1. Episode 1. November 7, 2003. Cartoon Network.
  106. ^ "Chapter 7". Star Wars: Clone Wars. Season 1. Episode 7. November 17, 2003. Cartoon Network.
  107. ^ "Chapter 22". Star Wars: Clone Wars. Season 3. Episode 2. March 22, 2003. Cartoon Network.
  108. ^ "Chapter 23". Star Wars: Clone Wars. Season 3. Episode 3. March 23, 2005. Cartoon Network.
  109. ^ "Chapter 25". Star Wars: Clone Wars. Season 3. Episode 5. March 25, 2005. Cartoon Network.
  110. ^ Tom Veitch (w). Dark Empire (1993). Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Comics.
  111. ^ Tom Veitch (w). Dark Empire II (1995). Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Comics.
  112. ^ Tom Veitch (w). Empire's End (1997). Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Comics.
  113. ^ Perry, Steve (1996). Shadows of the Empire. New York City: Bantam Spectra. ISBN 978-0-553-57413-5.
  114. ^ Jeter, K. W. (1998). The Mandalorian Armor. New York City: Bantam Spectra. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-553-57885-0.
  115. ^ Davids, Paul; Davids, Hollace (1993). Mission from Mount Yoda. New York City: Scholastic Books. ISBN 978-0-553-15890-8.
  116. ^ Hambly, Barbara (1996). Children of the Jedi. New York City: Bantam Spectra. ISBN 978-0-553-57293-3.
  117. ^ Rob Williams (w). "Marked" Star Wars Tales, vol. 24 (July 2005). Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Comics.
  118. ^ Reaves, Michael (2001). Darth Maul: Shadow Hunter. New York City: Del Rey Books. ISBN 978-0-345-43541-5.
  119. ^ Luceno, James (2001). Cloak of Deception. New York City: Del Rey Books. ISBN 978-0-345-44297-0.
  120. ^ John Ostrander (w). "Loyalties" Star Wars: Republic, no. 78 (October 2005). Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Comics.
  121. ^ Luceno, James (2005). Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader. New York City: Del Rey Books. ISBN 978-0-345-47733-0.
  122. ^ Bacon, Thomas (December 25, 2019). "Emperor Palpatine's Entire Backstory, Timeline, & Manipulations Explained". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  123. ^ a b Luceno, James (2002). Cloak of Deception. New York City: Del Ray Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-0345442970.
  124. ^ Brooks, Terry (1999). Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. New York City: Del Rey Books. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-345-43411-1.
  125. ^ Luceno, James (2005). The Visual Dictionary of Star Wars, Episode III Revenge of the Sith. London, England: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-7566-1128-6.
  126. ^ Sansweet, Stephen J., ed. (1998). "Emperor Palpatine". Star Wars Encyclopedia. New York City: Del Ray Books. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-345-40227-1.
  127. ^ "Darth Sidious". Star Wars Databank. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  128. ^ "Palpatine, Expanded Universe". Star Wars Databank. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  129. ^ Stover, Matthew (2003). Shatterpoint. New York City: Del Rey Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-345-45574-1.
  130. ^ Stover, Matthew (2005). Revenge of the Sith. New York City: Del Ray Books. p. 424. ISBN 978-0345428844.
  131. ^ Stover, page 426
  132. ^ Wallace, Daniel; Sutfin, Michael (2002). "Emperor Palpatine". The New Essential Guide to Characters. New York City: Del Ray Books. ISBN 978-0-345-44900-9.
  133. ^ Slavicsek, Bill; Collins, Andy; Wiker, J.D.; Sansweet, Steven J. (2002). Revised Core Rulebook (Star Wars Roleplaying Game). Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast. ISBN 978-0-7869-2876-7.
  134. ^ Movie, Television and Proprietary Collectible Figures - Sideshow Collectibles, Inc. - Toy, WETA, Lord of the Rings, James Bond, Muppets, Military, Universal Monsters Archived 2008-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
  135. ^ Shepard Kraemer, Ross; Cassidy, William; Schwartz, Susan (2003). Religions of Star Trek. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8133-4115-6.
  136. ^ Shelton Lawrence, John; Jewett, Robert (2002). The Myth of the American Superhero. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-8028-4911-3.
  137. ^ a b Bonomolo, Cameron (December 21, 2019). "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Director J.J. Abrams Explains Twist Behind Emperor Palpatine's Legacy". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  138. ^ "Open Government: Pork protection". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Seattle, Washington. September 1, 2006. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
  139. ^ Russell, Alec (May 20, 2005). "Star Wars jibe in US Senate battle of the filibuster". The Guardian. London, England. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  140. ^ Firey, Thomas A. (May 22, 2005). "Star Wars Saga Reflects Political Ideals". New York: Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on May 5, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
  141. ^ Hathaway, Jay (January 27, 2017). "Suddenly, Star Wars' Chancellor Palpatine has conquered the entire meme landscape". Daily Dot. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  142. ^ McDermott, John (February 13, 2018). "The Reddit Group Dedicated to Making Memes About the 'Star Wars' Prequels". Mel Magazine. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  143. ^ Koebler, Jason (March 14, 2017). "Reddit Is Engaged in a Highly Entertaining 'Star Wars' Meme War". Motherboard (website). Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.

Works cited

  • Kaminski, Michael (2008) [2007]. The Secret History of Star Wars. Legacy Books Press. ISBN 978-0-9784652-3-0.

Further reading

  • Bortolin, Matthew. The Dharma of Star Wars. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 2005. ISBN 0-86171-497-0.
  • Feeney, Mark. Nixon at the Movies: A Book about Belief. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. ISBN 0-226-23968-3.
  • Goldman, Eric (August 23, 2012). "Ian McDiarmid on Possibly Playing The Emperor in the Live-Action Star Wars TV Series". IGN. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  • Hanson, Michael J., and Max S. Kay. Star Wars: The New Myth. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2002. ISBN 1-4010-3989-8.
  • Lyden, John. "The Apocalyptic Cosmology of Star Wars." Journal of Religion and Film 4 (No. 1, April 2000): online.
  • Peña, Abel G. "Evil Never Dies: The Sith Dynasties." Star Wars Insider 88 (June 2006).
  • Smith, Jeffrey A. "Hollywood Theology: The Commodification of Religion in Twentieth-Century Films." Religion and American Culture 11 (No. 2, Summer 2001): pp. 191–231.
  • Wallace, Daniel, and Kevin J. Anderson. The New Essential Chronology. New York: Del Rey, 2005. ISBN 0-345-44901-0.
  • "Palpatine Speaks". Homing Beacon. April 14, 2005. Archived from the original on November 12, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006 – via StarWars.com.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palpatine&oldid=1254804769"